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New guide/low-resource page: what runs well on 2 GB machines, a Raspberry Pi / old laptop Compose walkthrough with tuned caps, the env-var knobs that matter on small hardware, and what to skip. Linked from getting-started, the deployment hardware section, and the sidebar. Translated into all 20 non-English locales via the i18n batch pipeline; parity check and VitePress build pass. Admin merge: docs-only PR, the path-filtered required integration contexts never report (#420 precedent). Closes #497
340 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
340 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
---
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description: "SnapOtter 的安全強化指南。容器安全、網路隔離、Docker secrets、Kubernetes 部署與合規產出物。"
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i18n_source_hash: 986f7658430c
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i18n_provenance: human
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i18n_output_hash: c7ac676acc59
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---
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# 安全與強化 {#security-hardening}
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SnapOtter 完全在你的基礎架構上處理檔案。它預設會傳送匿名、不含內容的產品分析與當機報告,以協助改善這個專案。它絕不會傳送你的檔案、檔案名稱、檔案內容、OCR 輸出、影像中繼資料或文件文字。選用的意見回饋只在使用者提交後、且僅在分析啟用時才會傳送,聯絡欄位也只在明確同意聯絡時才會包含。管理員可在 Settings > System > Privacy 底下一鍵關閉分析與意見回饋擷取,無需重新建置。檔案處理始終留在你的容器內。
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容器以專屬的非 root 使用者(`snapotter`)執行,並卸除除最低必需集之外的所有 Linux capabilities。完整的漏洞揭露政策與安全架構,請參閱 GitHub 上的 [SECURITY.md](https://github.com/snapotter-hq/SnapOtter/blob/main/SECURITY.md)。
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## 容器強化 {#container-hardening}
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[預設的 docker-compose.yml](https://github.com/snapotter-hq/SnapOtter/blob/main/docker/docker-compose.yml) 包含正式環境安全強化。以下逐一說明每個選項及其重要性:
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```yaml
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services:
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SnapOtter:
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image: snapotter/snapotter:latest
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ports:
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# Bind to localhost only for internet-facing deployments:
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- "127.0.0.1:1349:1349"
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volumes:
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- SnapOtter-data:/data
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- SnapOtter-workspace:/tmp/workspace
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environment:
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- AUTH_ENABLED=true
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- DEFAULT_PASSWORD=change-me-immediately
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- RATE_LIMIT_PER_MIN=1000
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- DATABASE_URL=postgres://snapotter:snapotter@postgres:5432/snapotter
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- REDIS_URL=redis://redis:6379
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depends_on:
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postgres:
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condition: service_healthy
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redis:
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condition: service_healthy
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# --- Resource limits ---
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mem_limit: 6g # Prevents runaway memory from crashing the host
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memswap_limit: 6g # No swap - fail fast instead of degrading the host
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cpus: 4 # Cap CPU usage to 4 cores
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pids_limit: 512 # Prevents fork bombs
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# --- Capability restrictions ---
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cap_drop:
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- ALL # Drop ALL Linux capabilities first
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cap_add:
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- CHOWN # Needed for volume permission setup
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- SETUID # Needed for gosu privilege drop (root -> snapotter)
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- SETGID # Needed for gosu privilege drop
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- DAC_OVERRIDE # Needed for volume permission setup
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- FOWNER # Needed for volume permission setup
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# --- Logging ---
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logging:
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driver: json-file
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options:
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max-size: "50m" # Rotate logs at 50 MB
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max-file: "5" # Keep 5 rotated log files
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# --- Health check ---
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healthcheck:
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test: ["CMD", "curl", "-sf", "--max-time", "5", "http://localhost:1349/api/v1/health"]
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interval: 30s
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timeout: 5s
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start_period: 60s
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retries: 3
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shm_size: "2gb" # Required for Python ML shared memory
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restart: unless-stopped
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postgres:
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image: postgres:17-alpine
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environment:
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POSTGRES_USER: snapotter
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POSTGRES_PASSWORD: snapotter
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POSTGRES_DB: snapotter
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volumes:
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- SnapOtter-pgdata:/var/lib/postgresql/data
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restart: unless-stopped
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healthcheck:
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test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U snapotter"]
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interval: 10s
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timeout: 5s
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retries: 12
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start_period: 15s
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redis:
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image: redis:8-alpine
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command: ["redis-server", "--maxmemory-policy", "noeviction", "--appendonly", "yes"]
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volumes:
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- SnapOtter-redisdata:/data
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restart: unless-stopped
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healthcheck:
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test: ["CMD", "redis-cli", "ping"]
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interval: 10s
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timeout: 5s
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retries: 12
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start_period: 10s
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volumes:
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SnapOtter-data:
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SnapOtter-workspace:
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SnapOtter-pgdata:
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SnapOtter-redisdata:
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```
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### 為何不設定 `no-new-privileges` {#why-no-new-privileges-is-not-set}
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`security_opt: [no-new-privileges:true]` 是刻意省略的。進入點以 root 啟動以修正磁碟區擁有權,然後透過 [gosu](https://github.com/tianon/gosu) 降權至 `snapotter` 使用者,這需要 setuid。一旦降權完成,行程即以 `snapotter` 執行,並移除除上述五項之外的所有 capabilities。
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如果你使用 Kubernetes 或 Docker 的 `--user` 旗標直接以非 root 執行(繞過 gosu),則 `no-new-privileges` 可安全啟用。
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### 為何不設定 `read_only` {#why-read-only-is-not-set}
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`read_only: true` 未設定,因為 PUID/PGID 重新對應會在啟動時寫入 `/etc/passwd` 和 `/etc/group`。如果你使用 Docker 的 `--user` 旗標或 Kubernetes `runAsUser` 而非 PUID/PGID,則可安全啟用唯讀根檔案系統。
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## 網路隔離 {#network-isolation}
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正常運作期間,容器不會建立**任何對外網路連線**。所有檔案處理都使用內建函式庫在本機完成。
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```
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Browser --> Reverse Proxy (TLS) --> SnapOtter container --> (nothing)
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```
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唯一的例外是 **AI 模型下載**:當使用者透過 UI 安裝 AI 功能套件組時,容器會從 Hugging Face 下載預先建置的套件組封存檔,外加一些來自 GitHub Releases、Google Storage 和 PyPI 的個別模型檔案。這些下載每個套件組只發生一次,並儲存在 `/data` 磁碟區中。
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**防火牆建議:**
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| 情境 | 對外規則 |
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|---|---|
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| 氣隙隔離(無 AI) | 封鎖容器的所有對外流量 |
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| 需要 AI 套件組 | 安裝期間允許對 `huggingface.co`、`*.xethub.hf.co`、`cdn-lfs.huggingface.co`、`github.com`、`objects.githubusercontent.com`、`storage.googleapis.com`、`pypi.org`、`files.pythonhosted.org` 的 HTTPS,之後封鎖 |
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| AI 安裝後 | 封鎖所有對外流量 — 模型已快取於本機 |
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套件組封存檔由 Hugging Face 的 Xet 儲存提供,它透過 `*.xethub.hf.co` 端點平行傳輸,正是這讓數 GB 的套件組下載得以快速完成。如果你的防火牆允許 `huggingface.co` 但封鎖 `*.xethub.hf.co`,安裝仍會成功,但會回退至較慢的單串流下載,因此請將 Xet 主機加入允許清單以維持在快速路徑上。完全離線的安裝可略過這一切,改用 [離線套件組匯入](/zh-TW/guide/deployment)。
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關於反向代理設定(Nginx、Traefik、Caddy、Cloudflare Tunnels),請參閱 [部署指南](/zh-TW/guide/deployment#reverse-proxy)。
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## Docker Secrets {#docker-secrets}
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就正式環境部署而言,請避免將 secrets 以純文字環境變數傳遞。進入點支援 Docker 的 `_FILE` 慣例:將 secret 掛載為檔案,並將對應的 `_FILE` 變數設為其路徑。
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**支援的 secrets:**
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| 變數 | `_FILE` 對應 |
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| `DEFAULT_PASSWORD` | `DEFAULT_PASSWORD_FILE` |
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| `COOKIE_SECRET` | `COOKIE_SECRET_FILE` |
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| `OIDC_CLIENT_SECRET` | `OIDC_CLIENT_SECRET_FILE` |
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| `S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID` | `S3_ACCESS_KEY_ID_FILE` |
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| `S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY` | `S3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY_FILE` |
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| `SNAPOTTER_LICENSE_KEY` | `SNAPOTTER_LICENSE_KEY_FILE` |
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**使用 Docker Compose secrets 的範例:**
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```yaml
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services:
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SnapOtter:
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image: snapotter/snapotter:latest
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environment:
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- AUTH_ENABLED=true
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- DEFAULT_USERNAME=admin
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- DEFAULT_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/snapotter_password
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- COOKIE_SECRET_FILE=/run/secrets/cookie_secret
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secrets:
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- snapotter_password
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- cookie_secret
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secrets:
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snapotter_password:
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file: ./secrets/snapotter_password.txt
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cookie_secret:
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file: ./secrets/cookie_secret.txt
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```
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::: tip
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Docker Compose secrets(不使用 Swarm)需要 Compose v2.23 或更新版本。
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:::
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## Kubernetes 部署 {#kubernetes-deployment}
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進入點會偵測容器是否已以非 root 執行(例如透過 Kubernetes `runAsUser`),並自動略過 gosu 降權。在此情況下它無法自行 chown 已掛載的磁碟區,因此它會驗證它們是否可寫入,若否則提早退出並提供可行動的指引,請參閱 [儲存權限](/zh-TW/guide/deployment#storage-permissions) 以了解 `fsGroup` 與外來 UID 設定(TrueNAS、OpenShift)。
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**建議的 Pod SecurityContext:**
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```yaml
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apiVersion: apps/v1
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kind: Deployment
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metadata:
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name: snapotter
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spec:
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replicas: 1
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selector:
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matchLabels:
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app: snapotter
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template:
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metadata:
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labels:
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app: snapotter
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spec:
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securityContext:
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runAsNonRoot: true
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runAsUser: 999
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runAsGroup: 999
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fsGroup: 999
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containers:
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- name: snapotter
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image: snapotter/snapotter:latest
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ports:
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- containerPort: 1349
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securityContext:
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allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
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capabilities:
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drop: [ALL]
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resources:
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requests:
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cpu: "1"
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memory: 2Gi
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limits:
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cpu: "4"
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memory: 6Gi
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livenessProbe:
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httpGet:
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path: /api/v1/health
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port: 1349
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initialDelaySeconds: 60
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periodSeconds: 30
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timeoutSeconds: 5
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readinessProbe:
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httpGet:
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path: /api/v1/health
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port: 1349
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initialDelaySeconds: 10
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periodSeconds: 10
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timeoutSeconds: 5
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volumeMounts:
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- name: data
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mountPath: /data
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- name: workspace
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mountPath: /tmp/workspace
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volumes:
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- name: data
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persistentVolumeClaim:
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claimName: snapotter-data
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- name: workspace
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emptyDir:
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medium: Memory
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sizeLimit: 2Gi
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```
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由於 `runAsUser: 999` 是在 pod 層級設定的,進入點會完全略過 gosu。這讓 `allowPrivilegeEscalation: false` 和 `drop: [ALL]` capabilities 可以無衝突地使用。
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關於資源規模,請參閱 [硬體需求](/zh-TW/guide/deployment#hardware-requirements)。
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## 備份與復原 {#backup-and-recovery}
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持久化狀態分散於兩個磁碟區:
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| 磁碟區 | 內容 | 是否關鍵? |
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|---|---|---|
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| `SnapOtter-pgdata` | PostgreSQL 資料庫(使用者、設定、管線、作業、稽核記錄) | 是 |
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| `/data`(app 磁碟區) | 使用者上傳的檔案、AI 模型、Python venv | 部分(見下文) |
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在 `/data` 磁碟區中:
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| 路徑 | 內容 | 是否關鍵? |
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|---|---|---|
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| `/data/uploads/`、`/data/outputs/` | 使用者檔案與處理結果 | 是 |
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| `/data/ai/` | 已下載的 AI 模型檔案 | 否(可重新下載) |
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| `/data/venv/` | Python 虛擬環境 | 否(啟動時重建) |
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### 資料庫備份 {#database-backup}
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在堆疊執行期間,使用 `pg_dump` 備份資料庫:
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```bash
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# Dump the database
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docker exec SnapOtter-postgres pg_dump -U snapotter snapotter > backup.sql
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# Restore into a fresh database
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cat backup.sql | docker exec -i SnapOtter-postgres psql -U snapotter snapotter
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```
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或者,停止堆疊並對 `SnapOtter-pgdata` 磁碟區建立快照:
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```bash
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docker compose down
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docker run --rm -v SnapOtter-pgdata:/data -v $(pwd)/backup:/backup \
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alpine tar czf /backup/snapotter-pgdata.tar.gz -C /data .
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```
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### 使用者檔案備份 {#user-files-backup}
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```bash
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# Snapshot the app data volume (excluding re-downloadable AI models)
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docker run --rm -v SnapOtter-data:/data -v $(pwd)/backup:/backup \
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alpine tar czf /backup/snapotter-files.tar.gz \
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--exclude='ai' --exclude='venv' -C /data .
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```
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所有套件組的 AI 模型總計最多約 24 GB。由於它們可重新下載,請將 `/data/ai/` 和 `/data/venv/` 排除在備份之外以節省空間。只有資料庫與使用者檔案是關鍵的。
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## 合規產出物 {#compliance-artifacts}
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每次 SnapOtter 發行都包含下列安全產出物:
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| 產出物 | 格式 | 取得位置 |
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|---|---|---|
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| SBOM(CycloneDX) | JSON | [GitHub Release](https://github.com/snapotter-hq/SnapOtter/releases) 資產:`snapotter-v{version}-sbom.cdx.json` |
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| SBOM(SPDX) | JSON | [GitHub Release](https://github.com/snapotter-hq/SnapOtter/releases) 資產:`snapotter-v{version}-sbom.spdx.json` |
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| 漏洞掃描 | Trivy JSON | [GitHub Release](https://github.com/snapotter-hq/SnapOtter/releases) 資產:`snapotter-v{version}-trivy.json` |
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| 漏洞掃描 | SARIF | [GitHub Security](https://github.com/snapotter-hq/SnapOtter/security) 分頁 |
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| 靜態分析 | CodeQL(JS/TS + Python) | [GitHub Security](https://github.com/snapotter-hq/SnapOtter/security) 分頁,每週 + 每次 PR 執行 |
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| 相依性審查 | GitHub 原生 | 每次 PR 檢查,在新增高嚴重性項目時失敗 |
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| Python 相依性稽核 | pip-audit | 每次推送的 CI 執行記錄 |
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| 安全政策 | Markdown | 儲存庫中的 [SECURITY.md](https://github.com/snapotter-hq/SnapOtter/blob/main/SECURITY.md) |
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| 相依性更新 | Dependabot | 針對 npm、pip、Docker、Actions 的每週自動化 PR |
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**執行你自己的掃描:**
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從發行中下載 SBOM,並用你偏好的工具掃描它:
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```bash
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# Scan with Grype using the CycloneDX SBOM
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grype sbom:snapotter-v1.17.2-sbom.cdx.json
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# Scan with Trivy using the SPDX SBOM
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trivy sbom snapotter-v1.17.2-sbom.spdx.json
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# Scan the Docker image directly
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trivy image snapotter/snapotter:1.17.2
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```
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::: info
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SBOM 與漏洞掃描反映的是該發行所發布的確切映像檔。部署後安裝的 AI 模型套件組不包含在 SBOM 中,因為它們是在執行期間下載的。
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:::
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