diff --git a/packages/tiers/src/solvers/recaptcha.ts b/packages/tiers/src/solvers/recaptcha.ts
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+++ b/packages/tiers/src/solvers/recaptcha.ts
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+// reCAPTCHA v2 solver using the audio challenge channel.
+//
+// Flow:
+//  1. Click the reCaptcha checkbox — with a real Chrome fingerprint and good IP,
+//     Google's risk scoring often auto-passes at score ≥ 0.5 (green checkmark).
+//  2. If a visual image challenge appears, switch to audio mode.
+//  3. Download the audio MP3 from Google's servers.
+//  4. Transcribe via speech-to-text (Google's free API or configured Whisper endpoint).
+//     Note: Google's own reCaptcha audio is designed to be solvable by accessibility
+//     tools, meaning their own STT model handles it well — we exploit this circularity.
+//  5. Submit the digit string.
+//
+// reCaptcha v3: purely passive — no widget, no interaction. Real Chrome browsers
+// with good behavioral patterns (no automation signals) score ≥ 0.7 automatically.
+
+import type { Page } from "patchright"
+import { transcribeAudio } from "./stt"
+
+const ANCHOR_IFRAME = 'iframe[src*="recaptcha"][src*="anchor"]'
+const BFRAME_IFRAME = 'iframe[src*="recaptcha"][src*="bframe"]'
+
+export async function solveRecaptchaV2(page: Page, timeoutMs = 30_000): Promise<boolean> {
+  const deadline = Date.now() + timeoutMs
+
+  try {
+    // Step 1: wait for the anchor iframe
+    // Use .first() — sites like nopecha also embed an invisible reCAPTCHA alongside the demo
+    // widget, so the selector can match 2 elements (strict mode violation without .first())
+    const hasAnchor = await page
+      .waitForSelector(ANCHOR_IFRAME, { timeout: 8000 })
+      .then(() => true)
+      .catch(() => false)
+    if (!hasAnchor) return false
+    const anchor = page.frameLocator(ANCHOR_IFRAME).first()
+
+    // Step 2: click the checkbox — force:true handles widgets inside hidden tab containers
+    await anchor.locator("#recaptcha-anchor").click({ timeout: 5000, force: true })
+    console.log("[recaptcha] clicked checkbox")
+
+    // Give Google's risk scoring time to run
+    await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 2500))
+
+    // Check for auto-pass (green checkmark)
+    if (
+      await anchor
+        .locator('#recaptcha-anchor[aria-checked="true"]')
+        .isVisible({ timeout: 1000 })
+        .catch(() => false)
+    ) {
+      console.log("[recaptcha] auto-passed")
+      return true
+    }
+
+    // Step 3: challenge appeared — switch to audio mode
+    const hasBframe = await page
+      .waitForSelector(BFRAME_IFRAME, { timeout: 8000 })
+      .then(() => true)
+      .catch(() => false)
+    if (!hasBframe) {
+      console.log("[recaptcha] bframe not found")
+      return false
+    }
+    const bframe = page.frameLocator(BFRAME_IFRAME).first()
+
+    // Log bframe content summary for debugging
+    const bframeText = await bframe
+      .locator("body")
+      .innerText({ timeout: 3000 })
+      .catch(() => "")
+    console.log("[recaptcha] bframe text snippet:", bframeText.slice(0, 120).replace(/\s+/g, " "))
+
+    const audioBtn = bframe.locator("#recaptcha-audio-button")
+    const isAudioVisible = await audioBtn.isVisible({ timeout: 5000 }).catch(() => false)
+    if (!isAudioVisible) {
+      // Check if image challenge is showing — means audio tab exists but needs click
+      const hasImageChallenge = await bframe
+        .locator(".rc-imageselect, #rc-imageselect")
+        .isVisible({ timeout: 2000 })
+        .catch(() => false)
+      if (hasImageChallenge) {
+        console.log("[recaptcha] image challenge visible — attempting audio button click anyway")
+        await audioBtn.click({ timeout: 3000, force: true }).catch(() => {})
+        await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 2000))
+        const nowVisible = await audioBtn.isVisible({ timeout: 2000 }).catch(() => false)
+        if (!nowVisible) {
+          console.log("[recaptcha] audio button not accessible (image-only challenge or risk score too low)")
+          return false
+        }
+      } else {
+        console.log("[recaptcha] audio button not visible, no image challenge either")
+        return false
+      }
+    }
+    await audioBtn.click({ timeout: 5000 })
+    console.log("[recaptcha] switched to audio challenge")
+
+    // Step 4: transcribe and submit (retry up to 3 times with fresh audio)
+    let attempt = 0
+    while (Date.now() < deadline && attempt < 3) {
+      attempt++
+
+      // Wait for audio source element to appear (loads after the bframe transitions).
+      // If this times out, Google may have blocked the audio challenge for this IP.
+      const hasAudioSrc = await bframe
+        .locator("#audio-source, audio")
+        .waitFor({ timeout: 10_000 })
+        .then(() => true)
+        .catch(() => false)
+      if (!hasAudioSrc) {
+        const bframeText2 = await bframe
+          .locator("body")
+          .innerText()
+          .catch(() => "")
+        console.log("[recaptcha] audio element not found; bframe:", bframeText2.slice(0, 120).replace(/\s+/g, " "))
+        if (/automated queries|try again|network may be/i.test(bframeText2)) {
+          console.log("[recaptcha] blocked by Google — audio challenge requires residential proxy")
+          return false
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Small wait after audio element appears — src may be set asynchronously
+      await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 1500))
+
+      // Get audio URL via JS property (getAttribute can miss dynamically-set src)
+      const rawHref =
+        (await bframe
+          .locator("#audio-source")
+          .evaluate((el) => (el as HTMLAudioElement).src || el.getAttribute("src") || "")
+          .catch(() => "")) ||
+        (await bframe
+          .locator("audio")
+          .evaluate((el) => (el as HTMLAudioElement).src || "")
+          .catch(() => "")) ||
+        (await bframe
+          .locator(".rc-audiochallenge-tdownload-link")
+          .getAttribute("href", { timeout: 1000 })
+          .catch(() => null)) ||
+        ""
+
+      // Reject blob: URLs — they're browser-internal and can't be fetched from outside
+      const audioHref = rawHref && !rawHref.startsWith("blob:") ? rawHref : null
+      console.log("[recaptcha] raw audio href:", rawHref?.slice(0, 100) ?? "none")
+
+      console.log("[recaptcha] audio URL:", audioHref?.slice(0, 80) ?? "null")
+
+      if (!audioHref) {
+        console.log("[recaptcha] audio URL not found, retry", attempt)
+        await bframe
+          .locator("#recaptcha-reload-button")
+          .click({ timeout: 3000 })
+          .catch(() => {})
+        await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 2000))
+        continue
+      }
+
+      const absUrl = audioHref.startsWith("http") ? audioHref : `https://www.google.com${audioHref}`
+      console.log("[recaptcha] transcribing audio (attempt", attempt, ")")
+
+      const signal = AbortSignal.timeout(Math.max(deadline - Date.now() - 3000, 8000))
+      const answer = await transcribeAudio(absUrl, signal)
+
+      if (!answer) {
+        console.log("[recaptcha] transcription empty, refreshing audio")
+        await bframe
+          .locator("#recaptcha-reload-button")
+          .click({ timeout: 3000 })
+          .catch(() => {})
+        await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 1500))
+        continue
+      }
+
+      console.log("[recaptcha] answer:", answer)
+
+      // Submit
+      await bframe
+        .locator("#audio-response")
+        .fill(answer, { timeout: 3000 })
+        .catch(() => {})
+      await bframe
+        .locator("#recaptcha-verify-button")
+        .click({ timeout: 3000 })
+        .catch(() => {})
+      await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 2000))
+
+      if (
+        await anchor
+          .locator('#recaptcha-anchor[aria-checked="true"]')
+          .isVisible({ timeout: 2000 })
+          .catch(() => false)
+      ) {
+        console.log("[recaptcha] solved via audio ✓")
+        return true
+      }
+
+      // Wrong answer — get a new challenge
+      await bframe
+        .locator("#recaptcha-reload-button")
+        .click({ timeout: 3000 })
+        .catch(() => {})
+      await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 1500))
+    }
+
+    return false
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.log("[recaptcha] solver error:", err instanceof Error ? err.message : err)
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+export async function hasRecaptchaV2(page: Page, timeout = 2000): Promise<boolean> {
+  // Use state: 'attached' — the iframe may be present but inside a display:none container
+  // (nopecha shows all difficulty tabs in DOM, hides inactive ones with CSS).
+  // The solver uses force:true to interact through hidden containers.
+  return page
+    .waitForSelector(ANCHOR_IFRAME, { timeout, state: "attached" })
+    .then(() => true)
+    .catch(() => false)
+}