refactor: improve tool processing, dropzone, seam carving, and format encoding

- Refactor use-tool-processor and use-pipeline-processor hooks
- Enhance dropzone component with improved UX
- Improve seam carving with better error handling and tests
- Add JXL format encoding support to format-encoders
- Update tool routes for consistent format handling
- Add dropzone unit tests

apps/api/src/lib/format-encoders.ts

@@ -103,3 +103,31 @@ export async function encodeQoi(inputBuffer: Buffer): Promise<Buffer> {
   const encoded = qoiEncode(new Uint8Array(data), info.width, info.height, 4);
   return Buffer.from(encoded);
 }
+
+export async function encodeJxl(inputBuffer: Buffer, quality?: number): Promise<Buffer> {
+  const id = randomUUID();
+  const inputPath = join(tmpdir(), `jxl-enc-in-${id}.png`);
+  const outputPath = join(tmpdir(), `jxl-enc-out-${id}.jxl`);
+  try {
+    const pngBuffer = await sharp(inputBuffer).png().toBuffer();
+    await writeFile(inputPath, pngBuffer);
+    try {
+      const q = String(quality ?? 75);
+      await execFileAsync("cjxl", [inputPath, outputPath, "-q", q], {
+        timeout: 120_000,
+      });
+      return await readFile(outputPath);
+    } catch {
+      /* cjxl not available, fall back to ImageMagick */
+    }
+    const cmd = await findMagickCmd();
+    const q = quality ? ["-quality", String(quality)] : [];
+    await execFileAsync(cmd, magickArgs(cmd, [inputPath, ...q, `jxl:${outputPath}`]), {
+      timeout: 120_000,
+    });
+    return await readFile(outputPath);
+  } finally {
+    await rm(inputPath, { force: true }).catch(() => {});
+    await rm(outputPath, { force: true }).catch(() => {});
+  }
+}

apps/api/src/routes/pipeline.ts

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ import { isSvgBuffer, sanitizeSvg } from "../lib/svg-sanitize.js";
 import { createWorkspace } from "../lib/workspace.js";
 import { hasEffectivePermission } from "../permissions.js";
 import { requireAuth } from "../plugins/auth.js";
-import { type JobProgress, updateJobProgress } from "./progress.js";
+import { type JobProgress, updateJobProgress, updateSingleFileProgress } from "./progress.js";
 import { getRegisteredToolIds, getToolConfig } from "./tool-factory.js";
 
 /** Schema for a single pipeline step. */
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ export async function registerPipelineRoutes(app: FastifyInstance): Promise<void
     let fileBuffer: Buffer | null = null;
     let filename = "image";
     let pipelineRaw: string | null = null;
+    let clientJobId: string | null = null;
 
     // Parse multipart
     try {
@@ -89,6 +90,8 @@ export async function registerPipelineRoutes(app: FastifyInstance): Promise<void
           filename = sanitizeFilename(part.filename ?? "image");
         } else if (part.fieldname === "pipeline") {
           pipelineRaw = part.value as string;
+        } else if (part.fieldname === "clientJobId") {
+          clientJobId = part.value as string;
         }
       }
     } catch (err) {
@@ -215,10 +218,23 @@ export async function registerPipelineRoutes(app: FastifyInstance): Promise<void
     let currentBuffer = fileBuffer;
     let currentFilename = filename;
     const stepResults: Array<{ step: number; toolId: string; size: number }> = [];
+    const totalSteps = pipeline.steps.length;
+
+    const reportProgress = (percent: number, stage?: string) => {
+      if (!clientJobId) return;
+      updateSingleFileProgress({
+        jobId: clientJobId,
+        phase: "processing",
+        percent,
+        stage,
+      });
+    };
 
     try {
-      for (let i = 0; i < pipeline.steps.length; i++) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < totalSteps; i++) {
         const step = pipeline.steps[i];
+        const stepPercent = Math.round((i / totalSteps) * 90);
+        reportProgress(stepPercent, `Step ${i + 1}/${totalSteps}: ${step.toolId}`);
 
         // Route content-aware resize to its dedicated tool
         const resolvedToolId =
@@ -250,6 +266,8 @@ export async function registerPipelineRoutes(app: FastifyInstance): Promise<void
           throw new Error(`Step ${i + 1} (${step.toolId}): ${msg}`);
         }
       }
+
+      reportProgress(95, "Saving...");
     } catch (err) {
       const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : "Pipeline processing failed";
       trackEvent(request, ANALYTICS_EVENTS.PIPELINE_EXECUTED, {

apps/api/src/routes/tool-factory.ts

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import { decompressSvgz, sanitizeSvg } from "../lib/svg-sanitize.js";
 import { computeTimeout } from "../lib/timeout.js";
 import { getWorkerPool } from "../lib/worker-pool.js";
 import { createWorkspace } from "../lib/workspace.js";
+import { updateSingleFileProgress } from "./progress.js";
 
 export interface ToolRouteConfig<T> {
   /** Unique tool identifier, used as the URL path segment. */
@@ -112,6 +113,7 @@ export function createToolRoute<T>(app: FastifyInstance, config: ToolRouteConfig
       let filename = "image";
       let settingsRaw: string | null = null;
       let fileId: string | null = null;
+      let clientJobId: string | null = null;
       let fileCount = 0;
 
       // Parse multipart parts
@@ -143,6 +145,9 @@ export function createToolRoute<T>(app: FastifyInstance, config: ToolRouteConfig
             if (part.fieldname === "fileId") {
               fileId = part.value as string;
             }
+            if (part.fieldname === "clientJobId") {
+              clientJobId = part.value as string;
+            }
           }
         }
       } catch (err) {
@@ -167,6 +172,18 @@ export function createToolRoute<T>(app: FastifyInstance, config: ToolRouteConfig
       // mutates fileBuffer into a larger intermediate PNG.
       const uploadedSize = fileBuffer.length;
 
+      const reportProgress = (percent: number, stage?: string) => {
+        if (!clientJobId) return;
+        updateSingleFileProgress({
+          jobId: clientJobId,
+          phase: "processing",
+          percent,
+          stage,
+        });
+      };
+
+      reportProgress(5, "Validating...");
+
       // Validate the uploaded image
       const validation = await validateImageBuffer(fileBuffer, filename);
       if (!validation.valid) {
@@ -178,6 +195,7 @@ export function createToolRoute<T>(app: FastifyInstance, config: ToolRouteConfig
       // The decoded buffer is PNG, so update the filename extension to match.
       const isHeif = validation.format === "heif";
       if (isHeif) {
+        reportProgress(10, "Decoding HEIC...");
         try {
           fileBuffer = await decodeHeic(fileBuffer);
           const ext = filename.match(/\.[^.]+$/)?.[0];
@@ -195,6 +213,7 @@ export function createToolRoute<T>(app: FastifyInstance, config: ToolRouteConfig
       // Pass the original file extension so RAW decoder can use the correct
       // temp file suffix (e.g. .cr3, .nef) for format identification.
       if (needsCliDecode(validation.format)) {
+        reportProgress(10, "Decoding...");
         try {
           const fileExt = filename.split(".").pop()?.toLowerCase();
           fileBuffer = await decodeToSharpCompat(fileBuffer, validation.format, fileExt);
@@ -225,6 +244,8 @@ export function createToolRoute<T>(app: FastifyInstance, config: ToolRouteConfig
         }
       }
 
+      reportProgress(15, "Preparing...");
+
       // Parse and validate settings
       let settings: T;
       try {
@@ -259,6 +280,8 @@ export function createToolRoute<T>(app: FastifyInstance, config: ToolRouteConfig
       try {
         let result: { buffer: Buffer; filename: string; contentType: string };
 
+        reportProgress(20, "Processing...");
+
         // Offload to worker thread for non-AI tools.
         // Falls back to main-thread processing on any worker error.
         // Disabled in test environments where worker_threads can't load .ts files.
@@ -299,6 +322,8 @@ export function createToolRoute<T>(app: FastifyInstance, config: ToolRouteConfig
           result = await config.process(processBuffer, settings, filename);
         }
 
+        reportProgress(75, "Saving...");
+
         // Add a tool-specific suffix to the filename so the download
         // doesn't silently overwrite the user's original file.
         // Skip if the tool already changed the filename (e.g. convert, split).
@@ -362,6 +387,7 @@ export function createToolRoute<T>(app: FastifyInstance, config: ToolRouteConfig
         ]);
         let previewUrl: string | undefined;
         if (!BROWSER_PREVIEWABLE.has(result.contentType)) {
+          reportProgress(85, "Generating preview...");
           try {
             let previewInput = result.buffer;
             // Sharp can't decode HEIC - use system decoder first
@@ -372,8 +398,21 @@ export function createToolRoute<T>(app: FastifyInstance, config: ToolRouteConfig
             const previewPath = join(workspacePath, "output", "preview.webp");
             await writeFile(previewPath, previewBuffer);
             previewUrl = `/api/v1/download/${jobId}/preview.webp`;
-          } catch {
-            // Non-fatal - frontend will show the success card fallback
+          } catch (previewErr) {
+            request.log.warn(
+              { previewErr, contentType: result.contentType, toolId: config.toolId },
+              "Failed to generate preview thumbnail, falling back to input buffer",
+            );
+            // Retry with the original input buffer (pre-processing) which
+            // was already validated and decoded during the intake phase.
+            try {
+              const fallbackBuffer = await sharp(fileBuffer).webp({ quality: 80 }).toBuffer();
+              const previewPath = join(workspacePath, "output", "preview.webp");
+              await writeFile(previewPath, fallbackBuffer);
+              previewUrl = `/api/v1/download/${jobId}/preview.webp`;
+            } catch {
+              // Both attempts failed - frontend will use the upload preview as fallback
+            }
           }
         }
 
@@ -381,6 +420,8 @@ export function createToolRoute<T>(app: FastifyInstance, config: ToolRouteConfig
         const inputPath = join(workspacePath, "input", filename);
         await writeFile(inputPath, fileBuffer);
 
+        reportProgress(95, "Finishing...");
+
         // Auto-save to persistent file store when a fileId is provided
         let savedFileId: string | undefined;
         if (fileId) {

apps/api/src/routes/tools/collage.ts

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { autoOrient } from "../../lib/auto-orient.js";
 import { formatZodErrors } from "../../lib/errors.js";
 import { validateImageBuffer } from "../../lib/file-validation.js";
 import { sanitizeFilename } from "../../lib/filename.js";
+import { encodeJxl } from "../../lib/format-encoders.js";
 import { ensureSharpCompat } from "../../lib/heic-converter.js";
 import { createWorkspace } from "../../lib/workspace.js";
 
@@ -643,7 +644,7 @@ export function registerCollage(app: FastifyInstance) {
           outputExt = "avif";
           break;
         case "jxl":
-          pipeline = pipeline.jxl({ quality: settings.quality });
+          pipeline = pipeline.png();
           outputExt = "jxl";
           break;
         default:
@@ -653,18 +654,19 @@ export function registerCollage(app: FastifyInstance) {
       }
 
       const result = await pipeline.toBuffer();
+      const finalBuffer = outputExt === "jxl" ? await encodeJxl(result, settings.quality) : result;
 
       const jobId = randomUUID();
       const workspacePath = await createWorkspace(jobId);
       const filename = `collage.${outputExt}`;
       const outputPath = join(workspacePath, "output", filename);
-      await writeFile(outputPath, result);
+      await writeFile(outputPath, finalBuffer);
 
       return reply.send({
         jobId,
         downloadUrl: `/api/v1/download/${jobId}/${filename}`,
         originalSize: files.reduce((s, f) => s + f.buffer.length, 0),
-        processedSize: result.length,
+        processedSize: finalBuffer.length,
       });
     } catch (err) {
       return reply.status(422).send({

apps/api/src/routes/tools/convert.ts

@@ -8,7 +8,13 @@ import { convert } from "@snapotter/image-engine";
 import type { FastifyInstance } from "fastify";
 import sharp from "sharp";
 import { z } from "zod";
-import { encodeBmp, encodeIco, encodeJp2, encodeQoi } from "../../lib/format-encoders.js";
+import {
+  encodeBmp,
+  encodeIco,
+  encodeJp2,
+  encodeJxl,
+  encodeQoi,
+} from "../../lib/format-encoders.js";
 import { encodeHeic } from "../../lib/heic-converter.js";
 import { isSvgBuffer } from "../../lib/svg-sanitize.js";
 import { createToolRoute } from "../tool-factory.js";
@@ -56,6 +62,7 @@ const CLI_ENCODERS: Record<string, (buf: Buffer, quality?: number) => Promise<Bu
   bmp: encodeBmp,
   ico: encodeIco,
   jp2: encodeJp2,
+  jxl: encodeJxl,
   qoi: encodeQoi,
 };
 

apps/api/src/routes/tools/erase-object.ts

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import { isToolInstalled } from "../../lib/feature-status.js";
 import { validateImageBuffer } from "../../lib/file-validation.js";
 import { sanitizeFilename } from "../../lib/filename.js";
 import { decodeToSharpCompat, needsCliDecode } from "../../lib/format-decoders.js";
+import { encodeJxl } from "../../lib/format-encoders.js";
 import { decodeHeic, encodeHeic } from "../../lib/heic-converter.js";
 import { resolveOutputFormat } from "../../lib/output-format.js";
 import { createWorkspace } from "../../lib/workspace.js";
@@ -213,7 +214,7 @@ export function registerEraseObject(app: FastifyInstance) {
           outputBuffer = await encodeHeic(resultBuffer, quality);
           finalFormat = format;
         } else if (format === "jxl") {
-          outputBuffer = await sharp(resultBuffer).jxl({ quality }).toBuffer();
+          outputBuffer = await encodeJxl(resultBuffer, quality);
           finalFormat = "jxl";
         } else {
           outputBuffer = await sharp(resultBuffer).avif({ quality }).toBuffer();

apps/api/src/routes/tools/image-to-base64.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import type { FastifyInstance, FastifyReply, FastifyRequest } from "fastify";
 import sharp from "sharp";
 import { z } from "zod";
 import { formatZodErrors } from "../../lib/errors.js";
+import { encodeJxl } from "../../lib/format-encoders.js";
 import { ensureSharpCompat } from "../../lib/heic-converter.js";
 
 const settingsSchema = z.object({
@@ -145,10 +146,12 @@ export function registerImageToBase64(app: FastifyInstance) {
                 outputBuffer = await pipeline.avif({ quality: opts.quality, effort: 4 }).toBuffer();
                 mimeType = "image/avif";
                 break;
-              case "jxl":
-                outputBuffer = await pipeline.jxl({ quality: opts.quality }).toBuffer();
+              case "jxl": {
+                const pngBuf = await pipeline.png().toBuffer();
+                outputBuffer = await encodeJxl(pngBuf, opts.quality);
                 mimeType = "image/jxl";
                 break;
+              }
               default:
                 outputBuffer = await pipeline.toBuffer();
                 mimeType = detectMimeType(ext);

apps/api/src/routes/tools/optimize-for-web.ts

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { formatZodErrors } from "../../lib/errors.js";
 import { validateImageBuffer } from "../../lib/file-validation.js";
 import { sanitizeFilename } from "../../lib/filename.js";
 import { decodeToSharpCompat, needsCliDecode } from "../../lib/format-decoders.js";
+import { encodeJxl } from "../../lib/format-encoders.js";
 import { decodeHeic } from "../../lib/heic-converter.js";
 import { sanitizeSvg } from "../../lib/svg-sanitize.js";
 import { createToolRoute } from "../tool-factory.js";
@@ -40,9 +41,16 @@ const settingsSchema = z.object({
 type Settings = z.infer<typeof settingsSchema>;
 
 async function processImage(inputBuffer: Buffer, settings: Settings, filename: string) {
+  const isJxl = settings.format === "jxl";
+  const engineSettings = isJxl ? { ...settings, format: "png" as const } : settings;
+
   const image = sharp(inputBuffer);
-  const result = await optimizeForWeb(image, settings);
-  const buffer = await result.toBuffer();
+  const result = await optimizeForWeb(image, engineSettings);
+  let buffer = await result.toBuffer();
+
+  if (isJxl) {
+    buffer = await encodeJxl(buffer, settings.quality);
+  }
 
   const ext = extname(filename);
   const baseName = ext ? filename.slice(0, -ext.length) : filename;

apps/api/src/routes/tools/pdf-to-image.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import sharp from "sharp";
 import { z } from "zod";
 import { env } from "../../config.js";
 import { formatZodErrors } from "../../lib/errors.js";
+import { encodeJxl } from "../../lib/format-encoders.js";
 import { encodeHeic } from "../../lib/heic-converter.js";
 import { createWorkspace } from "../../lib/workspace.js";
 
@@ -117,8 +118,10 @@ async function convertWithSharp(
       return s.tiff().toBuffer();
     case "gif":
       return s.gif().toBuffer();
-    case "jxl":
-      return s.jxl({ quality }).toBuffer();
+    case "jxl": {
+      const pngBuf = await s.png().toBuffer();
+      return encodeJxl(pngBuf, quality);
+    }
     case "heic":
     case "heif": {
       const pngBuf = await s.png().toBuffer();

apps/api/src/routes/tools/split.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import { z } from "zod";
 import { autoOrient } from "../../lib/auto-orient.js";
 import { formatZodErrors } from "../../lib/errors.js";
 import { sanitizeFilename } from "../../lib/filename.js";
+import { encodeJxl } from "../../lib/format-encoders.js";
 import { ensureSharpCompat } from "../../lib/heic-converter.js";
 import { registerToolProcessFn } from "../tool-factory.js";
 
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ function resolveOutputFormat(
     jpg: { sharpFormat: "jpeg", ext: ".jpg" },
     webp: { sharpFormat: "webp", ext: ".webp" },
     avif: { sharpFormat: "avif", ext: ".avif" },
-    jxl: { sharpFormat: "jxl", ext: ".jxl" },
+    jxl: { sharpFormat: "png", ext: ".jxl" },
   };
   return map[outputFormat] ?? { sharpFormat: null, ext: originalExt };
 }
@@ -150,7 +151,11 @@ export function registerSplit(app: FastifyInstance) {
           }
 
           const partBuffer = await pipeline.toBuffer();
-          archive.append(partBuffer, {
+          const finalBuffer =
+            settings.outputFormat === "jxl"
+              ? await encodeJxl(partBuffer, settings.quality)
+              : partBuffer;
+          archive.append(finalBuffer, {
             name: `${baseName}_r${row + 1}_c${col + 1}${outputExt}`,
           });
         }
@@ -236,7 +241,11 @@ export function registerSplit(app: FastifyInstance) {
           }
 
           const partBuffer = await pipeline.toBuffer();
-          archive.append(partBuffer, {
+          const finalBuffer =
+            settings.outputFormat === "jxl"
+              ? await encodeJxl(partBuffer, settings.quality)
+              : partBuffer;
+          archive.append(finalBuffer, {
             name: `${baseName}_r${row + 1}_c${col + 1}${outputExt}`,
           });
         }

apps/api/src/routes/tools/stitch.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import { autoOrient } from "../../lib/auto-orient.js";
 import { formatZodErrors } from "../../lib/errors.js";
 import { validateImageBuffer } from "../../lib/file-validation.js";
 import { sanitizeFilename } from "../../lib/filename.js";
+import { encodeJxl } from "../../lib/format-encoders.js";
 import { ensureSharpCompat } from "../../lib/heic-converter.js";
 import { createWorkspace } from "../../lib/workspace.js";
 
@@ -204,13 +205,17 @@ export function registerStitch(app: FastifyInstance) {
       } else if (settings.format === "avif") {
         pipeline = pipeline.avif({ quality: settings.quality, effort: 4 });
       } else if (settings.format === "jxl") {
-        pipeline = pipeline.jxl({ quality: settings.quality });
+        pipeline = pipeline.png();
       } else {
         pipeline = pipeline.png();
       }
 
       let result = await pipeline.toBuffer();
 
+      if (settings.format === "jxl") {
+        result = await encodeJxl(result, settings.quality);
+      }
+
       if (settings.cornerRadius > 0) {
         const meta = await sharp(result).metadata();
         if (!meta.width || !meta.height) throw new Error("Cannot read image dimensions");
@@ -238,7 +243,7 @@ export function registerStitch(app: FastifyInstance) {
         } else if (settings.format === "avif") {
           result = await sharp(result).avif({ quality: settings.quality, effort: 4 }).toBuffer();
         } else if (settings.format === "jxl") {
-          result = await sharp(result).jxl({ quality: settings.quality }).toBuffer();
+          result = await encodeJxl(result, settings.quality);
         }
       }
 

apps/api/src/routes/tools/svg-to-raster.ts

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import { env } from "../../config.js";
 import { resolveConcurrency } from "../../lib/env.js";
 import { formatZodErrors } from "../../lib/errors.js";
 import { sanitizeFilename } from "../../lib/filename.js";
+import { encodeJxl } from "../../lib/format-encoders.js";
 import { decodeHeic, encodeHeic } from "../../lib/heic-converter.js";
 import { isSvgBuffer, sanitizeSvg } from "../../lib/svg-sanitize.js";
 import { createWorkspace } from "../../lib/workspace.js";
@@ -77,10 +78,12 @@ async function convertSvg(
       buffer = await image.gif().toBuffer();
       ext = "gif";
       break;
-    case "jxl":
-      buffer = await image.jxl({ quality: settings.quality }).toBuffer();
+    case "jxl": {
+      const pngBuf = await image.png().toBuffer();
+      buffer = await encodeJxl(pngBuf, settings.quality);
       ext = "jxl";
       break;
+    }
     case "heif": {
       const pngBuffer = await image.png().toBuffer();
       buffer = await encodeHeic(pngBuffer, settings.quality);

apps/api/src/routes/tools/upscale.ts

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import { isToolInstalled } from "../../lib/feature-status.js";
 import { validateImageBuffer } from "../../lib/file-validation.js";
 import { sanitizeFilename } from "../../lib/filename.js";
 import { decodeToSharpCompat, needsCliDecode } from "../../lib/format-decoders.js";
+import { encodeJxl } from "../../lib/format-encoders.js";
 import { decodeHeic, encodeHeic } from "../../lib/heic-converter.js";
 import { resolveOutputFormat } from "../../lib/output-format.js";
 import { createWorkspace } from "../../lib/workspace.js";
@@ -186,7 +187,7 @@ export function registerUpscale(app: FastifyInstance) {
           outputBuffer = await encodeHeic(result.buffer, outputQuality);
           finalFormat = format;
         } else if (format === "jxl") {
-          outputBuffer = await sharp(result.buffer).jxl({ quality: outputQuality }).toBuffer();
+          outputBuffer = await encodeJxl(result.buffer, outputQuality);
           finalFormat = "jxl";
         } else if (format === "avif") {
           outputBuffer = await sharp(result.buffer).avif({ quality: outputQuality }).toBuffer();

apps/web/src/components/common/dropzone.tsx

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import { FileImage, Upload } from "lucide-react";
-import { type DragEvent, useCallback, useState } from "react";
+import { FileImage, ImageUp, Upload } from "lucide-react";
+import { type DragEvent, useCallback, useEffect, useState } from "react";
 import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
 
 const IMAGE_EXTENSIONS = new Set([
@@ -134,6 +134,35 @@ export function Dropzone({
     input.click();
   };
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const handlePaste = (e: ClipboardEvent) => {
+      const clip = e.clipboardData;
+      if (!clip) return;
+
+      const files: File[] = [];
+
+      if (clip.files.length > 0) {
+        for (const file of clip.files) {
+          if (isImageFile(file)) files.push(file);
+        }
+      } else if (clip.items) {
+        for (const item of clip.items) {
+          if (item.kind === "file") {
+            const file = item.getAsFile();
+            if (file && isImageFile(file)) files.push(file);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (files.length > 0) {
+        e.preventDefault();
+        onFiles?.(files);
+      }
+    };
+    document.addEventListener("paste", handlePaste);
+    return () => document.removeEventListener("paste", handlePaste);
+  }, [onFiles]);
+
   const hasMultipleFiles = currentFiles.length > 1;
 
   return (
@@ -143,31 +172,60 @@ export function Dropzone({
       onDragOver={handleDrag}
       onDragLeave={handleDrag}
       onDrop={handleDrop}
+      onClick={handleClick}
       className={cn(
-        "flex flex-col items-center justify-center rounded-2xl border-2 border-dashed transition-colors mx-auto max-w-2xl w-full",
+        "group flex flex-col items-center justify-center rounded-2xl border-2 border-dashed transition-all duration-200 mx-auto max-w-2xl w-full cursor-pointer",
         compact ? "min-h-0 h-full" : "min-h-[400px]",
         isDragging
-          ? "border-primary bg-primary/5"
-          : "border-border bg-muted/30 hover:border-primary/50 hover:bg-muted/50",
+          ? "border-primary bg-primary/10 scale-[1.01]"
+          : "border-border/60 bg-muted/20 hover:border-primary/40 hover:bg-muted/40",
       )}
     >
-      <div className={cn("flex flex-col items-center", compact ? "gap-2 p-4" : "gap-4 p-8")}>
-        <div className="text-3xl font-bold text-muted-foreground/30">
-          <span className="text-primary/30">SnapOtter</span>
+      <div className={cn("flex flex-col items-center", compact ? "gap-2 p-4" : "gap-5 p-8")}>
+        <div
+          className={cn(
+            "rounded-2xl bg-primary/8 p-4 transition-colors duration-200",
+            isDragging ? "bg-primary/15" : "group-hover:bg-primary/12",
+          )}
+        >
+          <ImageUp
+            className={cn(
+              "transition-all duration-200",
+              compact ? "h-8 w-8" : "h-10 w-10",
+              isDragging ? "text-primary" : "text-primary/50 group-hover:text-primary/70",
+            )}
+            strokeWidth={1.5}
+          />
+        </div>
+        <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-1.5">
+          <p className={cn("font-medium", compact ? "text-sm" : "text-base", "text-foreground/80")}>
+            Drop your images here
+          </p>
+          <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground/70">
+            click anywhere to browse, or paste from clipboard
+          </p>
         </div>
         <button
           type="button"
-          onClick={handleClick}
-          className="flex items-center gap-2 px-6 py-2.5 rounded-lg border border-primary text-primary hover:bg-primary/5 transition-colors text-sm font-medium"
+          onClick={(e) => {
+            e.stopPropagation();
+            handleClick();
+          }}
+          className={cn(
+            "flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg bg-primary text-primary-foreground transition-all duration-200 text-sm font-medium shadow-sm",
+            compact ? "px-5 py-2" : "px-8 py-3",
+            "hover:bg-primary/90 hover:shadow-md active:scale-[0.98]",
+          )}
         >
           <Upload className="h-4 w-4" />
-          Upload from computer
+          Upload
         </button>
-        <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Drop files here or click the upload button</p>
+        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/50">
+          PNG, JPG, WebP, HEIC, RAW, PSD, and 65+ formats
+        </p>
 
-        {/* Show file count badge and list when multiple files are dropped */}
         {hasMultipleFiles && (
-          <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-2 mt-2">
+          <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-2 mt-1">
             <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 px-3 py-1 rounded-full bg-primary/10 text-primary text-xs font-medium">
               <FileImage className="h-3.5 w-3.5" />
               {currentFiles.length} files selected

apps/web/src/components/common/multi-image-viewer.tsx

@@ -51,7 +51,12 @@ export function MultiImageViewer() {
     hasProcessed && currentEntry.processedUrl
       ? canBrowserPreview(currentEntry.processedUrl)
       : false;
-  const displayUrl = currentEntry.processedPreviewUrl ?? currentEntry.processedUrl;
+  const processedRenderable =
+    currentEntry.processedUrl && canBrowserPreview(currentEntry.processedUrl)
+      ? currentEntry.processedUrl
+      : null;
+  const displayUrl =
+    currentEntry.processedPreviewUrl ?? processedRenderable ?? currentEntry.blobUrl;
 
   const processedFilename = currentEntry.processedUrl
     ? decodeURIComponent(currentEntry.processedUrl.split("/").pop() ?? "processed")
@@ -77,7 +82,10 @@ export function MultiImageViewer() {
           </button>
         )}
         <div className="w-full h-full min-h-0">
-          {hasProcessed && !isPreviewable && !currentEntry.processedPreviewUrl ? (
+          {hasProcessed &&
+          !isPreviewable &&
+          !currentEntry.processedPreviewUrl &&
+          !currentEntry.blobUrl ? (
             <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center h-full gap-3 text-center p-8">
               <div className="w-12 h-12 rounded-full bg-green-100 dark:bg-green-900/30 flex items-center justify-center">
                 <CheckCircle2 className="h-6 w-6 text-green-600 dark:text-green-400" />

apps/web/src/components/common/progress-card.tsx

@@ -12,9 +12,6 @@ interface ProgressCardProps {
 export function ProgressCard({ active, phase, label, stage, percent, elapsed }: ProgressCardProps) {
   if (!active) return null;
 
-  // No real-time server progress: non-AI tools sit at 100% while the server works
-  const isIndeterminate = phase === "processing" && percent >= 100;
-
   const icon =
     phase === "uploading" ? (
       <Upload className="h-4 w-4 text-primary" />
@@ -22,8 +19,7 @@ export function ProgressCard({ active, phase, label, stage, percent, elapsed }:
       <Loader2 className="h-4 w-4 text-primary animate-spin" />
     );
 
-  const slowHint = phase === "processing" && elapsed >= 10 ? "This may take a moment" : undefined;
-  const sublabel = [stage, slowHint, `${elapsed}s`].filter(Boolean).join(" \u00b7 ");
+  const sublabel = [stage, `${elapsed}s`].filter(Boolean).join(" · ");
 
   return (
     <div className="bg-muted/80 border border-border rounded-xl p-3 space-y-2.5">
@@ -41,7 +37,7 @@ export function ProgressCard({ active, phase, label, stage, percent, elapsed }:
       </div>
       <div className="w-full h-1 bg-muted rounded-full overflow-hidden">
         <div
-          className={`h-full bg-primary rounded-full transition-all duration-500 ease-out ${isIndeterminate ? "animate-pulse" : ""}`}
+          className="h-full bg-primary rounded-full transition-all duration-500 ease-out"
           style={{ width: `${Math.min(100, percent)}%` }}
         />
       </div>

apps/web/src/components/common/thumbnail-strip.tsx

@@ -2,6 +2,18 @@ import { CheckCircle2, Loader2, XCircle } from "lucide-react";
 import { useEffect, useRef } from "react";
 import type { FileEntry } from "@/stores/file-store";
 
+const BROWSER_IMG_EXTS = new Set(["jpg", "jpeg", "png", "gif", "webp", "svg", "bmp", "avif"]);
+
+function thumbnailSrc(entry: FileEntry): string {
+  if (entry.processedPreviewUrl) return entry.processedPreviewUrl;
+  if (entry.processedUrl) {
+    if (entry.processedUrl.startsWith("blob:")) return entry.processedUrl;
+    const ext = decodeURIComponent(entry.processedUrl).split(".").pop()?.toLowerCase() ?? "";
+    if (BROWSER_IMG_EXTS.has(ext)) return entry.processedUrl;
+  }
+  return entry.blobUrl;
+}
+
 interface ThumbnailStripProps {
   entries: FileEntry[];
   selectedIndex: number;
@@ -50,7 +62,7 @@ export function ThumbnailStrip({ entries, selectedIndex, onSelect }: ThumbnailSt
               </div>
             ) : (
               <img
-                src={entry.processedPreviewUrl ?? entry.processedUrl ?? entry.blobUrl}
+                src={thumbnailSrc(entry)}
                 alt={entry.file.name}
                 className="w-full h-full object-cover"
                 draggable={false}

apps/web/src/components/tools/resize-settings.tsx

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { ProgressCard } from "@/components/common/progress-card";
 import { useToolProcessor } from "@/hooks/use-tool-processor";
 import { useFileStore } from "@/stores/file-store";
 
-type ResizeTab = "presets" | "custom" | "scale";
+type ResizeTab = "presets" | "custom" | "scale" | "content-aware";
 type FitMode = "cover" | "contain" | "fill";
 
 const FIT_LABELS: Record<FitMode, string> = {
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ export function ResizeControls({ settings: initialSettings, onChange }: ResizeCo
   const [fit, setFit] = useState<FitMode>("cover");
   const [lockAspect, setLockAspect] = useState(true);
   const [withoutEnlargement, setWithoutEnlargement] = useState(false);
-  const [contentAware, setContentAware] = useState(false);
+  const contentAware = tab === "content-aware";
   const [protectFaces, setProtectFaces] = useState(false);
   const [blurRadius, setBlurRadius] = useState(4);
   const [sobelThreshold, setSobelThreshold] = useState(2);
@@ -58,17 +58,14 @@ export function ResizeControls({ settings: initialSettings, onChange }: ResizeCo
     if (initialSettings.fit != null) setFit(initialSettings.fit as FitMode);
     if (initialSettings.withoutEnlargement != null)
       setWithoutEnlargement(Boolean(initialSettings.withoutEnlargement));
-    if (initialSettings.contentAware != null)
-      setContentAware(Boolean(initialSettings.contentAware));
     if (initialSettings.protectFaces != null)
       setProtectFaces(Boolean(initialSettings.protectFaces));
     if (initialSettings.blurRadius != null) setBlurRadius(Number(initialSettings.blurRadius));
     if (initialSettings.sobelThreshold != null)
       setSobelThreshold(Number(initialSettings.sobelThreshold));
     if (initialSettings.square != null) setSquareMode(Boolean(initialSettings.square));
-    // Infer tab from settings
-    if (initialSettings.percentage != null) setTab("scale");
-    else if (initialSettings.contentAware) setTab("custom");
+    if (initialSettings.contentAware) setTab("content-aware");
+    else if (initialSettings.percentage != null) setTab("scale");
   }, [initialSettings]);
 
   const onChangeRef = useRef(onChange);
@@ -104,7 +101,6 @@ export function ResizeControls({ settings: initialSettings, onChange }: ResizeCo
     percentage,
     fit,
     withoutEnlargement,
-    contentAware,
     protectFaces,
     blurRadius,
     sobelThreshold,
@@ -183,218 +179,191 @@ export function ResizeControls({ settings: initialSettings, onChange }: ResizeCo
 
   return (
     <div className="space-y-4">
-      {/* Standard resize tabs */}
-      {!contentAware && (
-        <>
-          {/* Tab selector */}
-          <div>
-            <div className="flex gap-1">
-              <button type="button" onClick={() => setTab("custom")} className={tabClass("custom")}>
-                Custom Size
-              </button>
-              <button type="button" onClick={() => setTab("scale")} className={tabClass("scale")}>
-                Scale
-              </button>
-              <button
-                type="button"
-                onClick={() => setTab("presets")}
-                className={tabClass("presets")}
-              >
-                Presets
-              </button>
-            </div>
-          </div>
-
-          {/* Presets tab */}
-          {tab === "presets" && (
-            <div className="space-y-3 max-h-[50vh] overflow-y-auto pr-1">
-              {platforms.map((platform) => (
-                <div key={platform}>
-                  <p className="text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-1.5">{platform}</p>
-                  <div className="space-y-1">
-                    {SOCIAL_MEDIA_PRESETS.filter((p) => p.platform === platform).map((preset) => {
-                      const key = `${preset.platform}-${preset.name}`;
-                      const isSelected = selectedPreset === key;
-                      return (
-                        <button
-                          key={key}
-                          type="button"
-                          onClick={() => handlePreset(preset)}
-                          className={`w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2.5 py-1.5 rounded border text-sm transition-colors ${
-                            isSelected
-                              ? "border-primary bg-primary/10 text-foreground"
-                              : "border-border text-muted-foreground hover:border-primary/50 hover:text-foreground"
-                          }`}
-                        >
-                          <span>{preset.name}</span>
-                          <span className="text-xs tabular-nums">
-                            {preset.width} x {preset.height}
-                          </span>
-                        </button>
-                      );
-                    })}
-                  </div>
-                </div>
-              ))}
-
-              {enlargementCheckbox}
-            </div>
-          )}
-
-          {/* Custom Size tab */}
-          {tab === "custom" && (
-            <div className="space-y-3">
-              {dimensionInputs}
-
-              {/* Fit mode */}
-              <div>
-                <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Fit Mode</p>
-                <div className="flex gap-1 mt-1">
-                  {(Object.keys(FIT_LABELS) as FitMode[]).map((f) => (
-                    <button
-                      key={f}
-                      type="button"
-                      onClick={() => setFit(f)}
-                      className={`flex-1 text-xs py-1.5 rounded ${fit === f ? "bg-primary text-primary-foreground" : "bg-muted text-muted-foreground"}`}
-                    >
-                      {FIT_LABELS[f]}
-                    </button>
-                  ))}
-                </div>
-              </div>
-
-              {enlargementCheckbox}
-            </div>
-          )}
-
-          {/* Scale tab */}
-          {tab === "scale" && (
-            <div className="space-y-3">
-              <div>
-                <label htmlFor="resize-scale" className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                  Scale (%)
-                </label>
-                <input
-                  id="resize-scale"
-                  type="number"
-                  value={percentage}
-                  onChange={(e) => setPercentage(e.target.value)}
-                  min={1}
-                  className="w-full mt-0.5 px-2 py-1.5 rounded border border-border bg-background text-sm text-foreground"
-                />
-              </div>
-              <div className="flex gap-1">
-                {[25, 50, 75].map((pct) => (
-                  <button
-                    key={pct}
-                    type="button"
-                    onClick={() => setPercentage(String(pct))}
-                    className={`flex-1 text-xs py-1.5 rounded ${
-                      percentage === String(pct)
-                        ? "bg-primary text-primary-foreground"
-                        : "bg-muted text-muted-foreground"
-                    }`}
-                  >
-                    {pct}%
-                  </button>
-                ))}
-              </div>
-            </div>
-          )}
-        </>
-      )}
-
-      {/* Content-aware section - positioned below standard resize */}
-      <div className="border-t border-border pt-3">
-        <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
-          <div>
-            <span className="text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground">Content-aware</span>
-          </div>
+      {/* Tab selector */}
+      <div>
+        <div className="flex gap-1">
+          <button type="button" onClick={() => setTab("custom")} className={tabClass("custom")}>
+            Custom Size
+          </button>
+          <button type="button" onClick={() => setTab("scale")} className={tabClass("scale")}>
+            Scale
+          </button>
+          <button type="button" onClick={() => setTab("presets")} className={tabClass("presets")}>
+            Presets
+          </button>
           <button
             type="button"
-            role="switch"
-            aria-checked={contentAware}
-            onClick={() => setContentAware(!contentAware)}
-            className={`relative inline-flex h-4 w-7 items-center rounded-full transition-colors ${
-              contentAware ? "bg-primary" : "bg-muted"
-            }`}
+            onClick={() => setTab("content-aware")}
+            className={tabClass("content-aware")}
           >
-            <span
-              className={`inline-block h-3 w-3 rounded-full bg-white shadow-sm transition-transform ${
-                contentAware ? "translate-x-3.5" : "translate-x-0.5"
-              }`}
-            />
+            Content-Aware
           </button>
         </div>
+      </div>
 
-        {/* Content-aware options (expanded when toggled) */}
-        {contentAware && (
-          <div className="mt-3 space-y-3">
-            {/* Dimensions */}
-            {dimensionInputs}
-
-            {/* Square mode */}
-            <label className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-foreground">
-              <input
-                type="checkbox"
-                checked={squareMode}
-                onChange={(e) => setSquareMode(e.target.checked)}
-                className="rounded"
-              />
-              Resize to square
-            </label>
-
-            {/* Face protection */}
-            <label className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-foreground">
-              <input
-                type="checkbox"
-                checked={protectFaces}
-                onChange={(e) => setProtectFaces(e.target.checked)}
-                className="rounded"
-              />
-              Protect faces
-            </label>
-
-            {/* Blur radius */}
-            <div>
-              <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
-                <label htmlFor="blur-radius" className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                  Smoothing
-                </label>
-                <span className="text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">{blurRadius}</span>
+      {/* Presets tab */}
+      {tab === "presets" && (
+        <div className="space-y-3 max-h-[50vh] overflow-y-auto pr-1">
+          {platforms.map((platform) => (
+            <div key={platform}>
+              <p className="text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-1.5">{platform}</p>
+              <div className="space-y-1">
+                {SOCIAL_MEDIA_PRESETS.filter((p) => p.platform === platform).map((preset) => {
+                  const key = `${preset.platform}-${preset.name}`;
+                  const isSelected = selectedPreset === key;
+                  return (
+                    <button
+                      key={key}
+                      type="button"
+                      onClick={() => handlePreset(preset)}
+                      className={`w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2.5 py-1.5 rounded border text-sm transition-colors ${
+                        isSelected
+                          ? "border-primary bg-primary/10 text-foreground"
+                          : "border-border text-muted-foreground hover:border-primary/50 hover:text-foreground"
+                      }`}
+                    >
+                      <span>{preset.name}</span>
+                      <span className="text-xs tabular-nums">
+                        {preset.width} x {preset.height}
+                      </span>
+                    </button>
+                  );
+                })}
               </div>
-              <input
-                id="blur-radius"
-                type="range"
-                min={0}
-                max={20}
-                value={blurRadius}
-                onChange={(e) => setBlurRadius(Number(e.target.value))}
-                className="w-full mt-1 h-1.5 rounded-full appearance-none bg-muted accent-primary"
-              />
             </div>
+          ))}
 
-            {/* Sobel threshold */}
-            <div>
-              <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
-                <label htmlFor="sobel-threshold" className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                  Edge sensitivity
-                </label>
-                <span className="text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">{sobelThreshold}</span>
-              </div>
-              <input
-                id="sobel-threshold"
-                type="range"
-                min={1}
-                max={20}
-                value={sobelThreshold}
-                onChange={(e) => setSobelThreshold(Number(e.target.value))}
-                className="w-full mt-1 h-1.5 rounded-full appearance-none bg-muted accent-primary"
-              />
+          {enlargementCheckbox}
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      {/* Custom Size tab */}
+      {tab === "custom" && (
+        <div className="space-y-3">
+          {dimensionInputs}
+
+          {/* Fit mode */}
+          <div>
+            <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Fit Mode</p>
+            <div className="flex gap-1 mt-1">
+              {(Object.keys(FIT_LABELS) as FitMode[]).map((f) => (
+                <button
+                  key={f}
+                  type="button"
+                  onClick={() => setFit(f)}
+                  className={`flex-1 text-xs py-1.5 rounded ${fit === f ? "bg-primary text-primary-foreground" : "bg-muted text-muted-foreground"}`}
+                >
+                  {FIT_LABELS[f]}
+                </button>
+              ))}
             </div>
           </div>
-        )}
-      </div>
+
+          {enlargementCheckbox}
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      {/* Scale tab */}
+      {tab === "scale" && (
+        <div className="space-y-3">
+          <div>
+            <label htmlFor="resize-scale" className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+              Scale (%)
+            </label>
+            <input
+              id="resize-scale"
+              type="number"
+              value={percentage}
+              onChange={(e) => setPercentage(e.target.value)}
+              min={1}
+              className="w-full mt-0.5 px-2 py-1.5 rounded border border-border bg-background text-sm text-foreground"
+            />
+          </div>
+          <div className="flex gap-1">
+            {[25, 50, 75].map((pct) => (
+              <button
+                key={pct}
+                type="button"
+                onClick={() => setPercentage(String(pct))}
+                className={`flex-1 text-xs py-1.5 rounded ${
+                  percentage === String(pct)
+                    ? "bg-primary text-primary-foreground"
+                    : "bg-muted text-muted-foreground"
+                }`}
+              >
+                {pct}%
+              </button>
+            ))}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      {/* Content-aware tab */}
+      {contentAware && (
+        <div className="space-y-3">
+          {dimensionInputs}
+
+          {/* Square mode */}
+          <label className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-foreground">
+            <input
+              type="checkbox"
+              checked={squareMode}
+              onChange={(e) => setSquareMode(e.target.checked)}
+              className="rounded"
+            />
+            Resize to square
+          </label>
+
+          {/* Face protection */}
+          <label className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-foreground">
+            <input
+              type="checkbox"
+              checked={protectFaces}
+              onChange={(e) => setProtectFaces(e.target.checked)}
+              className="rounded"
+            />
+            Protect faces
+          </label>
+
+          {/* Blur radius */}
+          <div>
+            <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
+              <label htmlFor="blur-radius" className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                Smoothing
+              </label>
+              <span className="text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">{blurRadius}</span>
+            </div>
+            <input
+              id="blur-radius"
+              type="range"
+              min={0}
+              max={20}
+              value={blurRadius}
+              onChange={(e) => setBlurRadius(Number(e.target.value))}
+              className="w-full mt-1 h-1.5 rounded-full appearance-none bg-muted accent-primary"
+            />
+          </div>
+
+          {/* Sobel threshold */}
+          <div>
+            <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
+              <label htmlFor="sobel-threshold" className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                Edge sensitivity
+              </label>
+              <span className="text-xs tabular-nums text-muted-foreground">{sobelThreshold}</span>
+            </div>
+            <input
+              id="sobel-threshold"
+              type="range"
+              min={1}
+              max={20}
+              value={sobelThreshold}
+              onChange={(e) => setSobelThreshold(Number(e.target.value))}
+              className="w-full mt-1 h-1.5 rounded-full appearance-none bg-muted accent-primary"
+            />
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      )}
     </div>
   );
 }

apps/web/src/hooks/use-pipeline-processor.ts

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ const IDLE_PROGRESS: PipelineProgress = {
   elapsed: 0,
 };
 
+const UPLOAD_WEIGHT = 15;
+
 export function usePipelineProcessor() {
   const { processing, error, processedUrl, originalSize, processedSize, setProcessing, setError } =
     useFileStore();
@@ -35,13 +37,11 @@ export function usePipelineProcessor() {
   const xhrRef = useRef<XMLHttpRequest | null>(null);
   const eventSourceRef = useRef<EventSource | null>(null);
   const abortRef = useRef<AbortController | null>(null);
-  const processingTimerRef = useRef<ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | null>(null);
 
   // Clean up on unmount
   useEffect(() => {
     return () => {
       if (elapsedRef.current) clearInterval(elapsedRef.current);
-      if (processingTimerRef.current) clearInterval(processingTimerRef.current);
       if (eventSourceRef.current) eventSourceRef.current.close();
       if (xhrRef.current) xhrRef.current.abort();
       if (abortRef.current) abortRef.current.abort();
@@ -50,12 +50,9 @@ export function usePipelineProcessor() {
 
   const processSingle = useCallback(
     (file: File, steps: PipelineStep[]) => {
-      // Capture the file index at request time so results are written
-      // to the correct entry even if the user navigates away.
       const capturedIndex = useFileStore.getState().selectedIndex;
 
       setError(null);
-      // Mark the target entry as processing and clear any old result
       useFileStore.getState().updateEntry(capturedIndex, {
         processedUrl: null,
         processedPreviewUrl: null,
@@ -66,7 +63,6 @@ export function usePipelineProcessor() {
       setProcessing(true);
       setProgress({ phase: "uploading", percent: 0, elapsed: 0 });
 
-      // Start elapsed timer
       const startTime = Date.now();
       elapsedRef.current = setInterval(() => {
         setProgress((prev) => ({
@@ -75,7 +71,40 @@ export function usePipelineProcessor() {
         }));
       }, 1000);
 
-      // Build pipeline payload
+      const clientJobId = generateId();
+
+      // Open SSE for real-time progress from the server
+      try {
+        const es = new EventSource(`/api/v1/jobs/${clientJobId}/progress`);
+        eventSourceRef.current = es;
+
+        es.onmessage = (event) => {
+          try {
+            const data = JSON.parse(event.data);
+            if (data.type !== "single") return;
+
+            if (typeof data.percent === "number") {
+              const scaled = UPLOAD_WEIGHT + (data.percent / 100) * (100 - UPLOAD_WEIGHT);
+              setProgress((prev) => ({
+                ...prev,
+                phase: "processing",
+                percent: Math.max(prev.percent, scaled),
+                stage: data.stage,
+              }));
+            }
+          } catch {
+            // Ignore malformed SSE
+          }
+        };
+
+        es.onerror = () => {
+          es.close();
+          eventSourceRef.current = null;
+        };
+      } catch {
+        // EventSource creation failed -- proceed without SSE
+      }
+
       const pipeline = {
         steps: steps.map((s) => ({ toolId: s.toolId, settings: s.settings })),
       };
@@ -83,17 +112,13 @@ export function usePipelineProcessor() {
       const formData = new FormData();
       formData.append("file", file);
       formData.append("pipeline", JSON.stringify(pipeline));
+      formData.append("clientJobId", clientJobId);
 
-      // Use XHR for upload progress tracking
       const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
       xhrRef.current = xhr;
 
-      // Pipeline runs multiple steps sequentially, allow up to 10 minutes
       xhr.timeout = 600_000;
 
-      // Pipeline is always "medium" speed: upload = 0-40%, processing = 40-95%
-      const UPLOAD_WEIGHT = 40;
-
       xhr.upload.onprogress = (event) => {
         if (event.lengthComputable) {
           const uploadPercent = (event.loaded / event.total) * UPLOAD_WEIGHT;
@@ -111,23 +136,14 @@ export function usePipelineProcessor() {
           percent: UPLOAD_WEIGHT,
           stage: "Processing...",
         }));
-
-        // Gradually fill from upload weight to 95% over ~45s
-        const start = UPLOAD_WEIGHT;
-        const target = 95;
-        const step = (target - start) / 90; // 90 ticks over ~45s
-        processingTimerRef.current = setInterval(() => {
-          setProgress((prev) => {
-            if (prev.phase !== "processing") return prev;
-            const next = Math.min(target, prev.percent + step);
-            return { ...prev, percent: next };
-          });
-        }, 500);
       };
 
       xhr.onload = () => {
         if (elapsedRef.current) clearInterval(elapsedRef.current);
-        if (processingTimerRef.current) clearInterval(processingTimerRef.current);
+        if (eventSourceRef.current) {
+          eventSourceRef.current.close();
+          eventSourceRef.current = null;
+        }
 
         if (xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300) {
           try {
@@ -166,7 +182,10 @@ export function usePipelineProcessor() {
 
       xhr.onerror = () => {
         if (elapsedRef.current) clearInterval(elapsedRef.current);
-        if (processingTimerRef.current) clearInterval(processingTimerRef.current);
+        if (eventSourceRef.current) {
+          eventSourceRef.current.close();
+          eventSourceRef.current = null;
+        }
         setError("Network error - check your connection");
         setProcessing(false);
         setProgress(IDLE_PROGRESS);
@@ -174,7 +193,10 @@ export function usePipelineProcessor() {
 
       xhr.ontimeout = () => {
         if (elapsedRef.current) clearInterval(elapsedRef.current);
-        if (processingTimerRef.current) clearInterval(processingTimerRef.current);
+        if (eventSourceRef.current) {
+          eventSourceRef.current.close();
+          eventSourceRef.current = null;
+        }
         setError("Request timed out - the server may be overloaded. Try again.");
         setProcessing(false);
         setProgress(IDLE_PROGRESS);

apps/web/src/hooks/use-tool-processor.ts

@@ -27,13 +27,10 @@ const IDLE_PROGRESS: ToolProgress = {
   elapsed: 0,
 };
 
-// AI tools that go through Python/bridge.ts and can emit SSE progress.
-// smart-crop is category "ai" but uses Sharp (no Python), so it's excluded.
+// AI tools return 202 and deliver results via SSE (not XHR response).
 const AI_PYTHON_TOOLS = new Set<string>(PYTHON_SIDECAR_TOOLS);
 
-// Tools that take a few seconds (not instant like Sharp, not minutes like AI).
-// Uses a smoother progress: upload 0-40%, then a gradual fill during processing.
-const MEDIUM_TOOLS = new Set(["content-aware-resize", "convert"]);
+const UPLOAD_WEIGHT = 15;
 
 export function useToolProcessor(toolId: string) {
   const { processing, error, processedUrl, originalSize, processedSize, setProcessing, setError } =
@@ -47,15 +44,12 @@ export function useToolProcessor(toolId: string) {
   const abortRef = useRef<AbortController | null>(null);
 
   const isAiTool = AI_PYTHON_TOOLS.has(toolId);
-  const isMediumTool = MEDIUM_TOOLS.has(toolId);
   const toolName = TOOLS.find((t) => t.id === toolId)?.name ?? toolId;
-  const processingTimerRef = useRef<ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | null>(null);
 
   // Clean up on unmount
   useEffect(() => {
     return () => {
       if (elapsedRef.current) clearInterval(elapsedRef.current);
-      if (processingTimerRef.current) clearInterval(processingTimerRef.current);
       if (eventSourceRef.current) eventSourceRef.current.close();
       if (xhrRef.current) xhrRef.current.abort();
       if (abortRef.current) abortRef.current.abort();
@@ -69,13 +63,10 @@ export function useToolProcessor(toolId: string) {
         return;
       }
 
-      // Capture the file index at request time so results are written
-      // to the correct entry even if the user navigates away.
       const capturedIndex = useFileStore.getState().selectedIndex;
 
       setError(null);
       setWarning(null);
-      // Mark the target entry as processing and clear any old result
       useFileStore.getState().updateEntry(capturedIndex, {
         processedUrl: null,
         processedPreviewUrl: null,
@@ -86,7 +77,6 @@ export function useToolProcessor(toolId: string) {
       setProcessing(true);
       setProgress({ phase: "uploading", percent: 0, elapsed: 0 });
 
-      // Start elapsed timer
       const startTime = Date.now();
       elapsedRef.current = setInterval(() => {
         setProgress((prev) => ({
@@ -95,80 +85,76 @@ export function useToolProcessor(toolId: string) {
         }));
       }, 1000);
 
-      // Generate client job ID for SSE correlation
       const clientJobId = generateId();
       let asyncMode = false;
 
-      // For AI tools, open SSE before uploading
-      if (isAiTool) {
-        try {
-          const es = new EventSource(`/api/v1/jobs/${clientJobId}/progress`);
-          eventSourceRef.current = es;
+      // Open SSE for real-time progress from the server (all tools)
+      try {
+        const es = new EventSource(`/api/v1/jobs/${clientJobId}/progress`);
+        eventSourceRef.current = es;
 
-          es.onmessage = (event) => {
-            try {
-              const data = JSON.parse(event.data);
-              if (data.type !== "single") return;
+        es.onmessage = (event) => {
+          try {
+            const data = JSON.parse(event.data);
+            if (data.type !== "single") return;
 
-              if (data.phase === "complete" && data.result) {
-                if (elapsedRef.current) clearInterval(elapsedRef.current);
-                if (processingTimerRef.current) clearInterval(processingTimerRef.current);
-                es.close();
-                eventSourceRef.current = null;
-
-                const result = data.result as ProcessResult;
-                setWarning(result.warning ?? null);
-                useFileStore.getState().updateEntry(capturedIndex, {
-                  processedUrl: result.downloadUrl,
-                  processedPreviewUrl: result.previewUrl ?? null,
-                  processedFilename: null,
-                  status: "completed",
-                  originalSize: result.originalSize,
-                  processedSize: result.processedSize,
-                  ...(result.savedFileId ? { serverFileId: result.savedFileId } : {}),
-                });
-                setProcessing(false);
-                setProgress(IDLE_PROGRESS);
-                return;
-              }
-
-              if (data.phase === "failed" && asyncMode) {
-                if (elapsedRef.current) clearInterval(elapsedRef.current);
-                if (processingTimerRef.current) clearInterval(processingTimerRef.current);
-                es.close();
-                eventSourceRef.current = null;
-                setError(data.error || "Processing failed");
-                setProcessing(false);
-                setProgress(IDLE_PROGRESS);
-                return;
-              }
-
-              if (typeof data.percent === "number") {
-                const scaled = 15 + (data.percent / 100) * 85;
-                setProgress((prev) => ({
-                  ...prev,
-                  phase: "processing",
-                  percent: Math.max(prev.percent, scaled),
-                  stage: data.stage,
-                }));
-              }
-            } catch {
-              // Ignore malformed SSE
-            }
-          };
-
-          es.onerror = () => {
-            if (!asyncMode) {
+            // AI tools deliver results via SSE (they return 202 from the XHR)
+            if (data.phase === "complete" && data.result) {
+              if (elapsedRef.current) clearInterval(elapsedRef.current);
               es.close();
               eventSourceRef.current = null;
+
+              const result = data.result as ProcessResult;
+              setWarning(result.warning ?? null);
+              useFileStore.getState().updateEntry(capturedIndex, {
+                processedUrl: result.downloadUrl,
+                processedPreviewUrl: result.previewUrl ?? null,
+                processedFilename: null,
+                status: "completed",
+                originalSize: result.originalSize,
+                processedSize: result.processedSize,
+                ...(result.savedFileId ? { serverFileId: result.savedFileId } : {}),
+              });
+              setProcessing(false);
+              setProgress(IDLE_PROGRESS);
+              return;
             }
-          };
-        } catch {
-          // EventSource creation failed -- proceed without SSE
-        }
+
+            if (data.phase === "failed" && asyncMode) {
+              if (elapsedRef.current) clearInterval(elapsedRef.current);
+              es.close();
+              eventSourceRef.current = null;
+              setError(data.error || "Processing failed");
+              setProcessing(false);
+              setProgress(IDLE_PROGRESS);
+              return;
+            }
+
+            if (typeof data.percent === "number") {
+              const scaled = UPLOAD_WEIGHT + (data.percent / 100) * (100 - UPLOAD_WEIGHT);
+              setProgress((prev) => ({
+                ...prev,
+                phase: "processing",
+                percent: Math.max(prev.percent, scaled),
+                stage: data.stage,
+              }));
+            }
+          } catch {
+            // Ignore malformed SSE
+          }
+        };
+
+        es.onerror = () => {
+          if (!asyncMode) {
+            es.close();
+            eventSourceRef.current = null;
+          }
+        };
+      } catch {
+        // EventSource creation failed -- proceed without SSE
       }
 
-      // Build form data - extract any File objects from settings before JSON serialization
+      // Build form data
       const cleanSettings = { ...settings };
       const bgImageFile = cleanSettings._bgImageFile as File | undefined;
       delete cleanSettings._bgImageFile;
@@ -179,27 +165,17 @@ export function useToolProcessor(toolId: string) {
       if (bgImageFile) {
         formData.append("backgroundImage", bgImageFile);
       }
-      if (isAiTool) {
-        formData.append("clientJobId", clientJobId);
-      }
+      formData.append("clientJobId", clientJobId);
 
-      // If this file came from the Files page, include its ID for version tracking
       const capturedEntry = useFileStore.getState().entries[capturedIndex];
       if (capturedEntry?.serverFileId) {
         formData.append("fileId", capturedEntry.serverFileId);
       }
 
-      // Use XHR for upload progress tracking
       const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
       xhrRef.current = xhr;
 
-      // Timeout: 2 min for fast tools, 5 min for medium (seam carving), 10 min for AI
-      xhr.timeout = isAiTool ? 600_000 : isMediumTool ? 300_000 : 120_000;
-
-      // For AI tools: upload = 0-15%, processing = 15-100% (SSE-driven)
-      // For medium tools: upload = 0-40%, processing = 40-95% (gradual fill)
-      // For fast tools: upload = 0-100%, processing = brief 100% hold
-      const UPLOAD_WEIGHT = isAiTool ? 15 : isMediumTool ? 40 : 100;
+      xhr.timeout = isAiTool ? 600_000 : 120_000;
 
       xhr.upload.onprogress = (event) => {
         if (event.lengthComputable) {
@@ -216,36 +192,8 @@ export function useToolProcessor(toolId: string) {
           ...prev,
           phase: "processing",
           percent: UPLOAD_WEIGHT,
-          stage: isAiTool ? "Starting..." : "Processing...",
+          stage: "Processing...",
         }));
-
-        // Medium tools: gradually fill from upload weight to 95% over ~45s
-        if (isMediumTool) {
-          const start = UPLOAD_WEIGHT;
-          const target = 95;
-          const step = (target - start) / 90; // 90 ticks over ~45s
-          processingTimerRef.current = setInterval(() => {
-            setProgress((prev) => {
-              if (prev.phase !== "processing") return prev;
-              const next = Math.min(target, prev.percent + step);
-              return { ...prev, percent: next };
-            });
-          }, 500);
-        }
-
-        // AI tools: asymptotic fill during long processing gaps.
-        // Slowly creeps toward 88% so the bar never stalls visually.
-        // Real SSE events always win via Math.max in the handler.
-        if (isAiTool) {
-          processingTimerRef.current = setInterval(() => {
-            setProgress((prev) => {
-              if (prev.phase !== "processing") return prev;
-              const remaining = 88 - prev.percent;
-              if (remaining <= 0.5) return prev;
-              return { ...prev, percent: prev.percent + remaining * 0.015 };
-            });
-          }, 1000);
-        }
       };
 
       xhr.onload = () => {
@@ -255,7 +203,6 @@ export function useToolProcessor(toolId: string) {
         }
 
         if (elapsedRef.current) clearInterval(elapsedRef.current);
-        if (processingTimerRef.current) clearInterval(processingTimerRef.current);
         if (eventSourceRef.current) {
           eventSourceRef.current.close();
           eventSourceRef.current = null;
@@ -299,7 +246,6 @@ export function useToolProcessor(toolId: string) {
 
       xhr.onerror = () => {
         if (elapsedRef.current) clearInterval(elapsedRef.current);
-        if (processingTimerRef.current) clearInterval(processingTimerRef.current);
         if (eventSourceRef.current) {
           eventSourceRef.current.close();
           eventSourceRef.current = null;
@@ -311,7 +257,6 @@ export function useToolProcessor(toolId: string) {
 
       xhr.ontimeout = () => {
         if (elapsedRef.current) clearInterval(elapsedRef.current);
-        if (processingTimerRef.current) clearInterval(processingTimerRef.current);
         if (eventSourceRef.current) {
           eventSourceRef.current.close();
           eventSourceRef.current = null;
@@ -327,7 +272,7 @@ export function useToolProcessor(toolId: string) {
       });
       xhr.send(formData);
     },
-    [toolId, isAiTool, isMediumTool, setProcessing, setError, toolName],
+    [toolId, isAiTool, setProcessing, setError, toolName],
   );
 
   const processAllFiles = useCallback(

packages/ai/src/seam-carving.ts

@@ -76,25 +76,45 @@ export async function seamCarve(
       );
     }
 
-    const targetW = options.width ?? width;
-    const targetH = options.height ?? height;
-    const wRatio = targetW / width;
-    const hRatio = targetH / height;
-    if (wRatio < 0.25 || hRatio < 0.25) {
-      throw new Error(
-        `Content-aware resize cannot reduce dimensions by more than 75% (requested ${width}→${targetW} width, ${height}→${targetH} height). Use regular resize first to get closer to the target size.`,
-      );
+    let targetW = options.width ?? width;
+    let targetH = options.height ?? height;
+
+    if (options.square) {
+      const shortest = Math.min(options.width ?? width, options.height ?? height, width, height);
+      targetW = shortest;
+      targetH = shortest;
     }
 
-    const processBuffer = await sharp(inputBuffer).jpeg({ quality: 95 }).toBuffer();
+    const wRatio = targetW / width;
+    const hRatio = targetH / height;
+
+    let currentW = width;
+    let currentH = height;
+    let preResizedBuffer = inputBuffer;
+
+    // Seam carving can only reduce each axis by ~75% per pass. If the target
+    // is further away, do a standard resize first to bring it within range.
+    const MIN_RATIO = 0.25;
+    if (wRatio < MIN_RATIO || hRatio < MIN_RATIO) {
+      const safeW = Math.max(targetW, Math.ceil(width * MIN_RATIO));
+      const safeH = Math.max(targetH, Math.ceil(height * MIN_RATIO));
+      const preResized = sharp(inputBuffer).resize(safeW, safeH, { fit: "inside" });
+      preResizedBuffer = await preResized.toBuffer();
+      const preMeta = await sharp(preResizedBuffer).metadata();
+      currentW = preMeta.width ?? safeW;
+      currentH = preMeta.height ?? safeH;
+    }
+
+    const processBuffer = await sharp(preResizedBuffer).jpeg({ quality: 95 }).toBuffer();
 
     await writeFile(inputPath, processBuffer);
 
     const args = ["-in", inputPath, "-out", outputPath, "-preview=false"];
 
     if (options.square) {
-      const shortest = Math.min(width, height);
-      args.push("-square", "-width", String(shortest), "-height", String(shortest));
+      const shortest = Math.min(currentW, currentH);
+      const caireTarget = Math.min(shortest, targetW);
+      args.push("-square", "-width", String(caireTarget), "-height", String(caireTarget));
     } else {
       if (options.width) {
         args.push("-width", String(options.width));
@@ -108,7 +128,8 @@ export async function seamCarve(
     if (options.blurRadius !== undefined) args.push("-blur", String(options.blurRadius));
     if (options.sobelThreshold !== undefined) args.push("-sobel", String(options.sobelThreshold));
 
-    const timeoutMs = Math.max(120_000, megapixels * 10 * 1000);
+    const currentMp = (currentW * currentH) / 1_000_000;
+    const timeoutMs = Math.ceil(Math.max(120_000, currentMp * 10_000));
     await execFileAsync(cairePath, args, { timeout: timeoutMs });
 
     const buffer = await readFile(outputPath);

tests/integration/convert-formats.test.ts

@@ -14,8 +14,27 @@ import { buildTestApp, createMultipartPayload, loginAsAdmin, type TestApp } from
 
 const FIXTURES = join(__dirname, "..", "fixtures");
 
-// Output formats accepted by the convert tool
-const OUTPUT_FORMATS = ["jpg", "png", "webp", "avif", "tiff", "gif", "heic"] as const;
+// All output formats accepted by the convert tool
+const OUTPUT_FORMATS = [
+  "jpg",
+  "png",
+  "webp",
+  "avif",
+  "tiff",
+  "gif",
+  "heic",
+  "heif",
+  "jxl",
+  "bmp",
+  "ico",
+  "jp2",
+  "qoi",
+  "psd",
+] as const;
+
+// Formats whose CLI encoder (cjxl, heif-enc, opj_compress, magick) may not
+// be installed in every dev/CI environment. Allow graceful 422 for these.
+const CLI_ENCODED_FORMATS = new Set(["heic", "heif", "jxl", "bmp", "ico", "jp2", "qoi", "psd"]);
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Shared state
@@ -108,8 +127,10 @@ describe("Format conversion matrix", () => {
           body: payload,
         });
 
-        // HEIC encode/decode requires libheif which may not be installed (Windows, some Linux)
-        if (res.statusCode === 422 && (inputFmt === "heic" || outputFmt === "heic")) return;
+        // CLI-encoded formats may not have their encoder installed in every environment
+        if (res.statusCode === 422 && (inputFmt === "heic" || CLI_ENCODED_FORMATS.has(outputFmt))) {
+          return;
+        }
         expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200);
         const body = JSON.parse(res.body);
         expect(body.downloadUrl).toContain(`.${outputFmt}`);
@@ -146,8 +167,8 @@ describe("SVG via convert tool", () => {
         body: payload,
       });
 
-      // HEIC encode/decode requires libheif which may not be installed (Windows, some Linux)
-      if (res.statusCode === 422 && outputFmt === "heic") return;
+      // CLI-encoded formats may not have their encoder installed in every environment
+      if (res.statusCode === 422 && CLI_ENCODED_FORMATS.has(outputFmt)) return;
       expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200);
       const body = JSON.parse(res.body);
       expect(body.downloadUrl).toContain(`.${outputFmt}`);

tests/unit/ai/seam-carving.test.ts

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ vi.mock("sharp", () => {
   const mockSharp = vi.fn(() => ({
     png: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
     jpeg: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+    resize: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
     toBuffer: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(Buffer.from("mock-jpeg-data")),
     metadata: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ width: 800, height: 600 }),
   }));
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ beforeEach(() => {
       ({
         png: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
         jpeg: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+        resize: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
         toBuffer: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(Buffer.from("mock-jpeg-data")),
         metadata: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ width: 800, height: 600 }),
       }) as unknown as ReturnType<typeof sharp>,
@@ -71,6 +73,7 @@ describe("seamCarve", () => {
         ({
           png: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           jpeg: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          resize: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           toBuffer: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(Buffer.from("mock-jpeg-data")),
           metadata: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ width: 800, height: 600 }),
         }) as unknown as ReturnType<typeof sharp>,
@@ -222,6 +225,7 @@ describe("seamCarve", () => {
         ({
           png: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           jpeg: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          resize: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           toBuffer: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(Buffer.from("mock-jpeg-data")),
           // 4000x3000 = 12MP, should give timeout > 120s
           metadata: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ width: 4000, height: 3000 }),
@@ -257,6 +261,7 @@ describe("seamCarve", () => {
         ({
           png: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           jpeg: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          resize: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           toBuffer: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(Buffer.from("mock-jpeg-data")),
           metadata: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ width: undefined, height: undefined }),
         }) as unknown as ReturnType<typeof sharp>,
@@ -275,6 +280,7 @@ describe("seamCarve", () => {
         ({
           png: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           jpeg: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          resize: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           toBuffer: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(Buffer.from("mock-jpeg-data")),
           // 6000x5000 = 30 MP, exceeds 25 MP limit
           metadata: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ width: 6000, height: 5000 }),
@@ -286,40 +292,73 @@ describe("seamCarve", () => {
     );
   });
 
-  it("throws when dimension reduction exceeds 75%", async () => {
+  it("pre-resizes when width reduction exceeds 75%", async () => {
+    let callCount = 0;
     vi.mocked(sharp).mockImplementation(
       () =>
         ({
           png: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           jpeg: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          resize: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           toBuffer: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(Buffer.from("mock-jpeg-data")),
-          metadata: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ width: 800, height: 600 }),
+          metadata: vi.fn().mockImplementation(() => {
+            callCount++;
+            if (callCount <= 1) return Promise.resolve({ width: 800, height: 600 });
+            return Promise.resolve({ width: 200, height: 150 });
+          }),
         }) as unknown as ReturnType<typeof sharp>,
     );
 
     const { seamCarve } = await importFresh();
-    // Requesting width 100 from 800 is a 87.5% reduction (ratio 0.125 < 0.25)
-    await expect(seamCarve(FAKE_INPUT, FAKE_OUTPUT_DIR, { width: 100 })).rejects.toThrow(
-      "cannot reduce dimensions by more than 75%",
-    );
+    await expect(seamCarve(FAKE_INPUT, FAKE_OUTPUT_DIR, { width: 100 })).resolves.toBeDefined();
   });
 
-  it("throws when height reduction exceeds 75%", async () => {
+  it("pre-resizes when height reduction exceeds 75%", async () => {
+    let callCount = 0;
     vi.mocked(sharp).mockImplementation(
       () =>
         ({
           png: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           jpeg: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          resize: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           toBuffer: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(Buffer.from("mock-jpeg-data")),
-          metadata: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ width: 800, height: 600 }),
+          metadata: vi.fn().mockImplementation(() => {
+            callCount++;
+            if (callCount <= 1) return Promise.resolve({ width: 800, height: 600 });
+            return Promise.resolve({ width: 200, height: 150 });
+          }),
         }) as unknown as ReturnType<typeof sharp>,
     );
 
     const { seamCarve } = await importFresh();
-    // Requesting height 100 from 600 is an 83% reduction (ratio 0.167 < 0.25)
-    await expect(seamCarve(FAKE_INPUT, FAKE_OUTPUT_DIR, { height: 100 })).rejects.toThrow(
-      "cannot reduce dimensions by more than 75%",
+    await expect(seamCarve(FAKE_INPUT, FAKE_OUTPUT_DIR, { height: 100 })).resolves.toBeDefined();
+  });
+
+  it("pre-resizes large image for square mode with small target", async () => {
+    let callCount = 0;
+    vi.mocked(sharp).mockImplementation(
+      () =>
+        ({
+          png: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          jpeg: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          resize: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          toBuffer: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(Buffer.from("mock-jpeg-data")),
+          metadata: vi.fn().mockImplementation(() => {
+            callCount++;
+            if (callCount <= 1) return Promise.resolve({ width: 3775, height: 5662 });
+            return Promise.resolve({ width: 944, height: 1416 });
+          }),
+        }) as unknown as ReturnType<typeof sharp>,
     );
+
+    const { seamCarve } = await importFresh();
+    await expect(
+      seamCarve(FAKE_INPUT, FAKE_OUTPUT_DIR, { width: 500, height: 500, square: true }),
+    ).resolves.toBeDefined();
+
+    const calls = mockExecFileAsync.mock.calls;
+    const caireCall = calls.find((c: unknown[]) => Array.isArray(c[1]) && c[1].includes("-square"));
+    expect(caireCall).toBeDefined();
   });
 
   it("passes only width when height is not specified", async () => {
@@ -382,6 +421,7 @@ describe("seamCarve", () => {
         ({
           png: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           jpeg: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          resize: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           toBuffer: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(Buffer.from("mock-jpeg-data")),
           metadata: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ width: 6000, height: 5000 }),
         }) as unknown as ReturnType<typeof sharp>,
@@ -397,6 +437,7 @@ describe("seamCarve", () => {
         ({
           png: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           jpeg: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          resize: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           toBuffer: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(Buffer.from("mock-jpeg-data")),
           metadata: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ width: 6000, height: 5000 }),
         }) as unknown as ReturnType<typeof sharp>,
@@ -440,6 +481,7 @@ describe("seamCarve", () => {
         ({
           png: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           jpeg: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          resize: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           toBuffer: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(Buffer.from("mock-jpeg-data")),
           metadata: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ width: 1200, height: 400 }),
         }) as unknown as ReturnType<typeof sharp>,
@@ -461,6 +503,7 @@ describe("seamCarve", () => {
         ({
           png: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           jpeg: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          resize: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           toBuffer: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(Buffer.from("mock-jpeg-data")),
           metadata: vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error("Corrupt file header")),
         }) as unknown as ReturnType<typeof sharp>,
@@ -476,6 +519,7 @@ describe("seamCarve", () => {
         ({
           png: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           jpeg: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          resize: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           toBuffer: vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error("JPEG encode failed")),
           metadata: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ width: 800, height: 600 }),
         }) as unknown as ReturnType<typeof sharp>,
@@ -520,6 +564,7 @@ describe("seamCarve", () => {
         ({
           png: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           jpeg: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          resize: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
           toBuffer: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(Buffer.from("mock-jpeg-data")),
           metadata: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ width: 800, height: 600 }),
         }) as unknown as ReturnType<typeof sharp>,
@@ -530,6 +575,31 @@ describe("seamCarve", () => {
     await expect(seamCarve(FAKE_INPUT, FAKE_OUTPUT_DIR, { width: 200 })).resolves.toBeDefined();
   });
 
+  it("timeout is always an integer", async () => {
+    vi.mocked(sharp).mockImplementation(
+      () =>
+        ({
+          png: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          jpeg: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          resize: vi.fn().mockReturnThis(),
+          toBuffer: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(Buffer.from("mock-jpeg-data")),
+          // 3775x5662 = 21.37 MP -- produces a float if not rounded
+          metadata: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ width: 3775, height: 5662 }),
+        }) as unknown as ReturnType<typeof sharp>,
+    );
+
+    const { seamCarve } = await importFresh();
+    await seamCarve(FAKE_INPUT, FAKE_OUTPUT_DIR);
+
+    const calls = mockExecFileAsync.mock.calls;
+    const caireCall = calls.find(
+      (c: unknown[]) => Array.isArray(c[1]) && c[1].includes("-preview=false"),
+    );
+    expect(caireCall).toBeDefined();
+    const timeout = caireCall?.[2]?.timeout;
+    expect(Number.isInteger(timeout)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
   it("uses unique UUID in temp file names to prevent collisions", async () => {
     const { seamCarve } = await importFresh();
 

tests/unit/api/ai-tools.test.ts

@@ -1307,11 +1307,10 @@ describe("seamCarve", () => {
     );
   });
 
-  it("rejects reductions larger than 75%", async () => {
+  it("pre-resizes when reduction exceeds 75% instead of rejecting", async () => {
     // 800x600, requesting width: 100 => ratio 0.125 < 0.25
-    await expect(seamCarve(INPUT_BUFFER, OUTPUT_DIR, { width: 100 })).rejects.toThrow(
-      "cannot reduce dimensions by more than 75%",
-    );
+    // Should succeed by pre-resizing to bring within 75% limit
+    await expect(seamCarve(INPUT_BUFFER, OUTPUT_DIR, { width: 100 })).resolves.toBeDefined();
   });
 
   it("uses original dimensions when width/height not specified", async () => {

tests/unit/web/dropzone.test.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,682 @@
+// @vitest-environment jsdom
+
+import { cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { Dropzone, isImageFile } from "@/components/common/dropzone";
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  cleanup();
+  vi.restoreAllMocks();
+});
+
+function makeFile(name: string, type = "image/png", size = 1024): File {
+  const buf = new ArrayBuffer(size);
+  return new File([buf], name, { type });
+}
+
+function makeDataTransfer(files: File[]): DataTransfer {
+  return { files } as unknown as DataTransfer;
+}
+
+function makePasteEvent({
+  items = [],
+  files = [] as File[],
+}: {
+  items?: Array<{ kind: string; type: string; getAsFile: () => File | null }>;
+  files?: File[];
+}) {
+  const event = new Event("paste", { bubbles: true, cancelable: true });
+  Object.defineProperty(event, "clipboardData", {
+    value: { items, files },
+  });
+  return event;
+}
+
+/** Simulate paste via clipboardData.items (e.g. screenshot paste in browser). */
+function pasteViaItems(files: File[]) {
+  const items = files.map((f) => ({
+    kind: "file" as const,
+    type: f.type,
+    getAsFile: () => f,
+  }));
+  const event = makePasteEvent({ items, files: [] as unknown as File[] });
+  document.dispatchEvent(event);
+  return event;
+}
+
+/** Simulate paste via clipboardData.files (e.g. Cmd+C files from Finder on macOS). */
+function pasteViaFiles(files: File[]) {
+  const event = makePasteEvent({ items: [], files });
+  document.dispatchEvent(event);
+  return event;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Spy on HTMLInputElement.prototype.click to capture the programmatically
+ * created file input. Returns a getter for the captured input.
+ */
+function spyFileInput() {
+  let captured: HTMLInputElement | null = null;
+  vi.spyOn(HTMLInputElement.prototype, "click").mockImplementation(function (
+    this: HTMLInputElement,
+  ) {
+    if (this.type === "file") captured = this;
+  });
+  return () => captured;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// isImageFile
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+describe("isImageFile", () => {
+  it("accepts files with image/* MIME type", () => {
+    expect(isImageFile(makeFile("photo.jpg", "image/jpeg"))).toBe(true);
+    expect(isImageFile(makeFile("photo.png", "image/png"))).toBe(true);
+    expect(isImageFile(makeFile("photo.webp", "image/webp"))).toBe(true);
+    expect(isImageFile(makeFile("icon.svg", "image/svg+xml"))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it("accepts common image extensions even without MIME type", () => {
+    const formats = ["jpg", "jpeg", "png", "gif", "webp", "svg", "bmp", "avif", "tiff", "ico"];
+    for (const ext of formats) {
+      expect(isImageFile(makeFile(`file.${ext}`, ""))).toBe(true);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("accepts HEIC/HEIF variants", () => {
+    expect(isImageFile(makeFile("photo.heic", ""))).toBe(true);
+    expect(isImageFile(makeFile("photo.heif", ""))).toBe(true);
+    expect(isImageFile(makeFile("photo.hif", ""))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it("accepts RAW camera formats", () => {
+    const raw = ["dng", "cr2", "cr3", "nef", "nrw", "arw", "orf", "rw2", "raf", "pef"];
+    for (const ext of raw) {
+      expect(isImageFile(makeFile(`raw.${ext}`, ""))).toBe(true);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("accepts professional/specialized formats", () => {
+    const pro = ["psd", "exr", "hdr", "tga", "eps", "dds", "qoi", "dpx", "cin"];
+    for (const ext of pro) {
+      expect(isImageFile(makeFile(`file.${ext}`, ""))).toBe(true);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("accepts JPEG 2000 variants", () => {
+    const jp2 = ["jp2", "j2k", "j2c", "jpc", "jpf", "jpx"];
+    for (const ext of jp2) {
+      expect(isImageFile(makeFile(`file.${ext}`, ""))).toBe(true);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("accepts netpbm/scientific formats", () => {
+    const pbm = ["pbm", "pgm", "ppm", "pnm", "pam", "pfm", "fits", "fit", "fts"];
+    for (const ext of pbm) {
+      expect(isImageFile(makeFile(`file.${ext}`, ""))).toBe(true);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("is case-insensitive for extensions", () => {
+    expect(isImageFile(makeFile("PHOTO.HEIC", ""))).toBe(true);
+    expect(isImageFile(makeFile("file.PSD", ""))).toBe(true);
+    expect(isImageFile(makeFile("scan.Tiff", ""))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it("rejects non-image files", () => {
+    expect(isImageFile(makeFile("doc.pdf", "application/pdf"))).toBe(false);
+    expect(isImageFile(makeFile("data.json", "application/json"))).toBe(false);
+    expect(isImageFile(makeFile("script.js", "text/javascript"))).toBe(false);
+    expect(isImageFile(makeFile("readme.txt", "text/plain"))).toBe(false);
+    expect(isImageFile(makeFile("archive.zip", "application/zip"))).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("rejects files with no extension and no image MIME", () => {
+    expect(isImageFile(makeFile("noext", ""))).toBe(false);
+    expect(isImageFile(makeFile("noext", "application/octet-stream"))).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Dropzone rendering
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+describe("Dropzone", () => {
+  describe("rendering", () => {
+    it("renders upload button and helper text", () => {
+      render(<Dropzone />);
+      expect(screen.getByText("Upload")).toBeDefined();
+      expect(screen.getByText("Drop your images here")).toBeDefined();
+      expect(screen.getByText("click anywhere to browse, or paste from clipboard")).toBeDefined();
+    });
+
+    it("shows supported formats hint", () => {
+      render(<Dropzone />);
+      expect(screen.getByText("PNG, JPG, WebP, HEIC, RAW, PSD, and 65+ formats")).toBeDefined();
+    });
+
+    it("renders the drop zone section with aria label", () => {
+      render(<Dropzone />);
+      expect(screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone")).toBeDefined();
+    });
+
+    it("does not show file list when no files provided", () => {
+      render(<Dropzone />);
+      expect(screen.queryByText(/files selected/)).toBeNull();
+    });
+
+    it("does not show file list for a single file", () => {
+      render(<Dropzone currentFiles={[makeFile("a.png")]} />);
+      expect(screen.queryByText(/files selected/)).toBeNull();
+    });
+
+    it("shows file count and list when multiple files are provided", () => {
+      const files = [makeFile("a.png", "image/png", 2048), makeFile("b.jpg", "image/jpeg", 4096)];
+      render(<Dropzone currentFiles={files} />);
+      expect(screen.getByText("2 files selected")).toBeDefined();
+      expect(screen.getByText("a.png")).toBeDefined();
+      expect(screen.getByText("b.jpg")).toBeDefined();
+      expect(screen.getByText("2 KB")).toBeDefined();
+      expect(screen.getByText("4 KB")).toBeDefined();
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Click to upload
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  describe("click to upload", () => {
+    it("opens file picker when the section is clicked", () => {
+      const getInput = spyFileInput();
+      render(<Dropzone />);
+
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone"));
+      expect(getInput()).not.toBeNull();
+    });
+
+    it("opens file picker when the Upload button is clicked", () => {
+      const getInput = spyFileInput();
+      render(<Dropzone />);
+
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByText("Upload"));
+      expect(getInput()).not.toBeNull();
+    });
+
+    it("sets multiple attribute on the file input by default", () => {
+      const getInput = spyFileInput();
+      render(<Dropzone />);
+
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone"));
+      expect(getInput()!.multiple).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it("disables multiple when multiple=false", () => {
+      const getInput = spyFileInput();
+      render(<Dropzone multiple={false} />);
+
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone"));
+      expect(getInput()!.multiple).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it("sets accept attribute when accept prop is provided", () => {
+      const getInput = spyFileInput();
+      render(<Dropzone accept="image/*" />);
+
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone"));
+      const input = getInput()!;
+      expect(input.accept).toContain("image/*");
+      expect(input.accept).toContain(".heic");
+      expect(input.accept).toContain(".psd");
+    });
+
+    it("calls onFiles when files are selected via file picker", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      const getInput = spyFileInput();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone"));
+      const input = getInput()!;
+
+      const file = makeFile("photo.png");
+      Object.defineProperty(input, "files", { value: [file], configurable: true });
+      input.onchange!({ target: input } as unknown as Event);
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith([file]);
+    });
+
+    it("calls onFiles with multiple files from file picker", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      const getInput = spyFileInput();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone"));
+      const input = getInput()!;
+
+      const files = [makeFile("a.png"), makeFile("b.jpg", "image/jpeg")];
+      Object.defineProperty(input, "files", { value: files, configurable: true });
+      input.onchange!({ target: input } as unknown as Event);
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith(files);
+    });
+
+    it("does not call onFiles when no files are selected (dialog cancelled)", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      const getInput = spyFileInput();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone"));
+      const input = getInput()!;
+
+      Object.defineProperty(input, "files", { value: [], configurable: true });
+      input.onchange!({ target: input } as unknown as Event);
+
+      expect(onFiles).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Drag and drop
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  describe("drag and drop", () => {
+    it("calls onFiles with image files on drop", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+      const zone = screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone");
+
+      const png = makeFile("a.png", "image/png");
+      fireEvent.drop(zone, { dataTransfer: makeDataTransfer([png]) });
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith([png]);
+    });
+
+    it("filters out non-image files on drop", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+      const zone = screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone");
+
+      const png = makeFile("a.png", "image/png");
+      const pdf = makeFile("doc.pdf", "application/pdf");
+      fireEvent.drop(zone, { dataTransfer: makeDataTransfer([png, pdf]) });
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith([png]);
+    });
+
+    it("does not call onFiles when all dropped files are non-image", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+      const zone = screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone");
+
+      const pdf = makeFile("doc.pdf", "application/pdf");
+      fireEvent.drop(zone, { dataTransfer: makeDataTransfer([pdf]) });
+
+      expect(onFiles).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it("handles multiple image files on drop", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+      const zone = screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone");
+
+      const files = [
+        makeFile("a.png", "image/png"),
+        makeFile("b.jpg", "image/jpeg"),
+        makeFile("c.webp", "image/webp"),
+      ];
+      fireEvent.drop(zone, { dataTransfer: makeDataTransfer(files) });
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith(files);
+    });
+
+    it("accepts RAW files identified by extension on drop", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+      const zone = screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone");
+
+      const raw = makeFile("photo.cr3", "");
+      fireEvent.drop(zone, { dataTransfer: makeDataTransfer([raw]) });
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith([raw]);
+    });
+
+    it("accepts HEIC files on drop", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+      const zone = screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone");
+
+      const heic = makeFile("photo.heic", "");
+      fireEvent.drop(zone, { dataTransfer: makeDataTransfer([heic]) });
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith([heic]);
+    });
+
+    it("accepts PSD files on drop", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+      const zone = screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone");
+
+      const psd = makeFile("design.psd", "");
+      fireEvent.drop(zone, { dataTransfer: makeDataTransfer([psd]) });
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith([psd]);
+    });
+
+    it("shows drag-active styling on dragenter and removes on dragleave", () => {
+      render(<Dropzone />);
+      const zone = screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone");
+
+      fireEvent.dragEnter(zone);
+      expect(zone.className).toContain("border-primary");
+      expect(zone.className).toContain("bg-primary/10");
+
+      fireEvent.dragLeave(zone);
+      expect(zone.className).not.toContain("bg-primary/10");
+    });
+
+    it("shows drag-active styling on dragover", () => {
+      render(<Dropzone />);
+      const zone = screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone");
+
+      fireEvent.dragOver(zone);
+      expect(zone.className).toContain("bg-primary/10");
+    });
+
+    it("removes drag styling after drop", () => {
+      render(<Dropzone />);
+      const zone = screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone");
+
+      fireEvent.dragEnter(zone);
+      expect(zone.className).toContain("bg-primary/10");
+
+      fireEvent.drop(zone, { dataTransfer: makeDataTransfer([]) });
+      expect(zone.className).not.toContain("bg-primary/10");
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Clipboard paste
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  describe("clipboard paste", () => {
+    it("calls onFiles when an image is pasted", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      const file = makeFile("screenshot.png", "image/png");
+      pasteViaItems([file]);
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith([file]);
+    });
+
+    it("handles multiple pasted images", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      const files = [makeFile("a.png", "image/png"), makeFile("b.jpg", "image/jpeg")];
+      pasteViaItems(files);
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith(files);
+    });
+
+    it("accepts pasted HEIC image", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      const heic = makeFile("photo.heic", "image/heic");
+      pasteViaItems([heic]);
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith([heic]);
+    });
+
+    it("filters out non-image files from paste", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      const png = makeFile("a.png", "image/png");
+      const txt = makeFile("notes.txt", "text/plain");
+      pasteViaItems([png, txt]);
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith([png]);
+    });
+
+    it("does not call onFiles when pasted content has no image files", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      pasteViaItems([makeFile("doc.pdf", "application/pdf")]);
+
+      expect(onFiles).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it("ignores paste with no clipboardData items and no files", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      const event = new Event("paste", { bubbles: true });
+      Object.defineProperty(event, "clipboardData", { value: { items: [], files: [] } });
+      document.dispatchEvent(event);
+
+      expect(onFiles).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it("ignores paste with no clipboardData at all", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      const event = new Event("paste", { bubbles: true });
+      Object.defineProperty(event, "clipboardData", { value: null });
+      document.dispatchEvent(event);
+
+      expect(onFiles).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it("ignores text-only paste (no file items)", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      const event = new Event("paste", { bubbles: true });
+      Object.defineProperty(event, "clipboardData", {
+        value: {
+          files: [],
+          items: [{ kind: "string", type: "text/plain", getAsFile: () => null }],
+        },
+      });
+      document.dispatchEvent(event);
+
+      expect(onFiles).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it("prevents default on paste when image files are found", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      const file = makeFile("img.png", "image/png");
+      const event = pasteViaItems([file]);
+
+      expect(event.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it("does not prevent default on paste when no image files", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      const event = pasteViaItems([makeFile("doc.pdf", "application/pdf")]);
+
+      expect(event.defaultPrevented).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it("removes paste listener on unmount", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      const { unmount } = render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+      unmount();
+
+      pasteViaItems([makeFile("a.png", "image/png")]);
+
+      expect(onFiles).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it("handles paste where getAsFile returns null", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      const event = new Event("paste", { bubbles: true, cancelable: true });
+      Object.defineProperty(event, "clipboardData", {
+        value: {
+          files: [],
+          items: [{ kind: "file", type: "image/png", getAsFile: () => null }],
+        },
+      });
+      document.dispatchEvent(event);
+
+      expect(onFiles).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Clipboard paste via clipboardData.files (macOS Finder Cmd+C)
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  describe("clipboard paste via files (Finder)", () => {
+    it("handles multiple files copied from Finder", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      const files = [
+        makeFile("photo1.png", "image/png"),
+        makeFile("photo2.jpg", "image/jpeg"),
+        makeFile("photo3.webp", "image/webp"),
+      ];
+      pasteViaFiles(files);
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith(files);
+    });
+
+    it("handles a single file from Finder", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      const file = makeFile("photo.png", "image/png");
+      pasteViaFiles([file]);
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith([file]);
+    });
+
+    it("filters non-image files from Finder paste", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      const png = makeFile("photo.png", "image/png");
+      const pdf = makeFile("doc.pdf", "application/pdf");
+      pasteViaFiles([png, pdf]);
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith([png]);
+    });
+
+    it("ignores Finder paste with only non-image files", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      pasteViaFiles([makeFile("doc.pdf", "application/pdf")]);
+
+      expect(onFiles).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it("accepts RAW and HEIC files from Finder", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      const files = [
+        makeFile("photo.heic", ""),
+        makeFile("raw.cr3", ""),
+        makeFile("design.psd", ""),
+      ];
+      pasteViaFiles(files);
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith(files);
+    });
+
+    it("prefers clipboardData.files over items when both are present", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      const fileFromFiles = makeFile("from-files.png", "image/png");
+      const fileFromItems = makeFile("from-items.png", "image/png");
+
+      const event = makePasteEvent({
+        files: [fileFromFiles],
+        items: [{ kind: "file", type: "image/png", getAsFile: () => fileFromItems }],
+      });
+      document.dispatchEvent(event);
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith([fileFromFiles]);
+    });
+
+    it("falls back to items when files is empty", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      const file = makeFile("screenshot.png", "image/png");
+      const event = makePasteEvent({
+        files: [],
+        items: [{ kind: "file", type: "image/png", getAsFile: () => file }],
+      });
+      document.dispatchEvent(event);
+
+      expect(onFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith([file]);
+    });
+
+    it("prevents default when files are found via clipboardData.files", () => {
+      const onFiles = vi.fn();
+      render(<Dropzone onFiles={onFiles} />);
+
+      const event = pasteViaFiles([makeFile("photo.png", "image/png")]);
+
+      expect(event.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Compact mode
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  describe("compact mode", () => {
+    it("renders without min-height in compact mode", () => {
+      render(<Dropzone compact />);
+      const zone = screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone");
+      expect(zone.className).toContain("min-h-0");
+      expect(zone.className).not.toContain("min-h-[400px]");
+    });
+
+    it("uses standard min-height in default mode", () => {
+      render(<Dropzone />);
+      const zone = screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone");
+      expect(zone.className).toContain("min-h-[400px]");
+      expect(zone.className).not.toContain("min-h-0");
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // No onFiles callback (graceful no-op)
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  describe("without onFiles callback", () => {
+    it("does not throw on drop without onFiles", () => {
+      render(<Dropzone />);
+      const zone = screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone");
+
+      expect(() => {
+        fireEvent.drop(zone, { dataTransfer: makeDataTransfer([makeFile("a.png")]) });
+      }).not.toThrow();
+    });
+
+    it("does not throw on paste without onFiles", () => {
+      render(<Dropzone />);
+
+      expect(() => {
+        pasteViaItems([makeFile("a.png")]);
+      }).not.toThrow();
+    });
+
+    it("does not throw on click without onFiles", () => {
+      spyFileInput();
+      render(<Dropzone />);
+
+      expect(() => {
+        fireEvent.click(screen.getByLabelText("File drop zone"));
+      }).not.toThrow();
+    });
+  });
+});