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2026-08-22 12:49:53 +02:00 · 2026-03-24 18:02:50 -04:00
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 # GCP Cloud Functions

-Build serverless applications with Cloud Functions.
+Build and deploy event-driven serverless applications with Google Cloud Functions (Gen1 and Gen2).

-## Deploy Function
+## When to Use
+
+- Processing webhooks, API endpoints, or lightweight HTTP backends
+- Reacting to events from Pub/Sub, Cloud Storage, Firestore, or Eventarc
+- Running scheduled tasks (cron) without maintaining a server
+- Building data-processing pipelines triggered by file uploads
+- Prototyping microservices before committing to Cloud Run or GKE
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- Google Cloud SDK (`gcloud`) installed and authenticated
+- APIs enabled: Cloud Functions, Cloud Build, Artifact Registry, Cloud Run (Gen2)
+- IAM role `roles/cloudfunctions.developer` (or `roles/run.developer` for Gen2)

 ```bash
-# Deploy HTTP function
-gcloud functions deploy hello \
-  --runtime=python311 \
-  --trigger-http \
-  --allow-unauthenticated \
-  --entry-point=hello_http
-
-# Deploy Pub/Sub triggered function
-gcloud functions deploy process-message \
-  --runtime=python311 \
-  --trigger-topic=my-topic \
-  --entry-point=process
+gcloud services enable cloudfunctions.googleapis.com cloudbuild.googleapis.com \
+  artifactregistry.googleapis.com run.googleapis.com eventarc.googleapis.com
 ```

-## Function Code
+## Gen1 vs Gen2 Comparison
+
+| Feature | Gen1 | Gen2 (recommended) |
+|---------|------|---------------------|
+| Runtime | Cloud Functions infra | Built on Cloud Run |
+| Max timeout | 9 minutes | 60 minutes |
+| Max memory | 8 GB | 32 GB |
+| Concurrency | 1 request/instance | Up to 1000/instance |
+| Traffic splitting | No | Yes |
+| Eventarc triggers | No | Yes |
+
+## Deploy an HTTP Function (Gen2)
+
+```bash
+# Python HTTP function
+gcloud functions deploy hello-http \
+  --gen2 --region=us-central1 --runtime=python312 \
+  --trigger-http --allow-unauthenticated \
+  --entry-point=hello_http \
+  --memory=256Mi --timeout=60s \
+  --min-instances=0 --max-instances=100 \
+  --set-env-vars=APP_ENV=production --source=.
+
+# Node.js HTTP function
+gcloud functions deploy hello-node \
+  --gen2 --region=us-central1 --runtime=nodejs20 \
+  --trigger-http --allow-unauthenticated \
+  --entry-point=helloNode --memory=256Mi --source=.
+```
+
+## Deploy a Pub/Sub Triggered Function
+
+```bash
+gcloud pubsub topics create order-events
+
+gcloud functions deploy process-order \
+  --gen2 --region=us-central1 --runtime=python312 \
+  --trigger-topic=order-events \
+  --entry-point=process_order \
+  --memory=512Mi --timeout=120s --retry \
+  --service-account=order-processor@${PROJECT_ID}.iam.gserviceaccount.com \
+  --source=.
+```
+
+## Deploy a Cloud Storage Triggered Function
+
+```bash
+gcloud functions deploy process-upload \
+  --gen2 --region=us-central1 --runtime=python312 \
+  --trigger-event-filters="type=google.cloud.storage.object.v1.finalized" \
+  --trigger-event-filters="bucket=my-upload-bucket" \
+  --entry-point=process_upload \
+  --memory=1Gi --timeout=300s --source=.
+```
+
+## Deploy a Scheduled Function
+
+```bash
+gcloud functions deploy daily-cleanup \
+  --gen2 --region=us-central1 --runtime=python312 \
+  --trigger-http --no-allow-unauthenticated \
+  --entry-point=daily_cleanup --source=.
+
+gcloud scheduler jobs create http daily-cleanup-job \
+  --schedule="0 2 * * *" \
+  --uri="https://us-central1-${PROJECT_ID}.cloudfunctions.net/daily-cleanup" \
+  --http-method=POST \
+  --oidc-service-account-email=scheduler-sa@${PROJECT_ID}.iam.gserviceaccount.com \
+  --location=us-central1
+```
+
+## Python Function Examples

 ```python
 # main.py
-def hello_http(request):
-    return 'Hello, World!'
+import functions_framework
+import base64, json
+from flask import jsonify
+from google.cloud import firestore

-def process(event, context):
-    import base64
-    data = base64.b64decode(event['data']).decode('utf-8')
-    print(f"Received: {data}")
+@functions_framework.http
+def hello_http(request):
+    """HTTP Cloud Function."""
+    name = request.args.get("name", "World")
+    return jsonify({"message": f"Hello, {name}!", "status": "ok"}), 200
+
+@functions_framework.cloud_event
+def process_order(cloud_event):
+    """Triggered by a Pub/Sub message."""
+    data = base64.b64decode(cloud_event.data["message"]["data"]).decode("utf-8")
+    order = json.loads(data)
+    db = firestore.Client()
+    db.collection("orders").document(order["id"]).set({
+        "status": "processing", "items": order["items"], "total": order["total"],
+    })
+
+@functions_framework.cloud_event
+def process_upload(cloud_event):
+    """Triggered when a file is uploaded to Cloud Storage."""
+    data = cloud_event.data
+    bucket_name, file_name = data["bucket"], data["name"]
+    if not file_name.lower().endswith((".png", ".jpg", ".jpeg")):
+        return
+    from google.cloud import vision
+    client = vision.ImageAnnotatorClient()
+    image = vision.Image(source=vision.ImageSource(
+        gcs_image_uri=f"gs://{bucket_name}/{file_name}"))
+    labels = [l.description for l in client.label_detection(image=image).label_annotations]
+    print(f"Labels for {file_name}: {labels}")
 ```

-## Best Practices
+```
+# requirements.txt
+functions-framework==3.*
+google-cloud-firestore==2.*
+google-cloud-storage==2.*
+google-cloud-vision==3.*
+flask>=2.0
+```

- Use 2nd gen functions for better performance
- Implement proper error handling
- Use environment variables for configuration
- Monitor with Cloud Logging
+## Node.js Function Examples
+
+```javascript
+// index.js
+const functions = require("@google-cloud/functions-framework");
+
+functions.http("helloNode", (req, res) => {
+  const name = req.query.name || "World";
+  res.json({ message: `Hello, ${name}!`, status: "ok" });
+});
+
+functions.cloudEvent("processMessage", (cloudEvent) => {
+  const data = Buffer.from(cloudEvent.data.message.data, "base64").toString();
+  console.log(`Processing: ${JSON.parse(data)}`);
+});
+```
+
+## Managing Deployed Functions
+
+```bash
+gcloud functions list --gen2 --region=us-central1
+gcloud functions describe hello-http --gen2 --region=us-central1
+gcloud functions logs read hello-http --gen2 --region=us-central1 --limit=50
+gcloud functions delete hello-http --gen2 --region=us-central1 --quiet
+
+# Update env vars without redeploying code
+gcloud functions deploy hello-http --gen2 --region=us-central1 \
+  --update-env-vars=APP_ENV=staging
+
+# Test locally before deploying
+functions-framework --target=hello_http --port=8080
+```
+
+## Terraform Configuration
+
+```hcl
+resource "google_cloudfunctions2_function" "api" {
+  name     = "hello-http"
+  location = "us-central1"
+
+  build_config {
+    runtime     = "python312"
+    entry_point = "hello_http"
+    source {
+      storage_source {
+        bucket = google_storage_bucket.source.name
+        object = google_storage_bucket_object.source.name
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  service_config {
+    min_instance_count    = 0
+    max_instance_count    = 100
+    available_memory      = "256Mi"
+    timeout_seconds       = 60
+    service_account_email = google_service_account.fn.email
+    environment_variables = { APP_ENV = "production" }
+  }
+}
+
+resource "google_cloud_run_service_iam_member" "invoker" {
+  location = google_cloudfunctions2_function.api.location
+  service  = google_cloudfunctions2_function.api.name
+  role     = "roles/run.invoker"
+  member   = "allUsers"
+}
+
+resource "google_cloudfunctions2_function" "processor" {
+  name     = "process-order"
+  location = "us-central1"
+
+  build_config {
+    runtime     = "python312"
+    entry_point = "process_order"
+    source {
+      storage_source {
+        bucket = google_storage_bucket.source.name
+        object = google_storage_bucket_object.source.name
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  service_config {
+    max_instance_count    = 50
+    available_memory      = "512Mi"
+    timeout_seconds       = 120
+    service_account_email = google_service_account.fn.email
+  }
+
+  event_trigger {
+    trigger_region = "us-central1"
+    event_type     = "google.cloud.pubsub.topic.v1.messagePublished"
+    pubsub_topic   = google_pubsub_topic.orders.id
+    retry_policy   = "RETRY_POLICY_RETRY"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+| Symptom | Cause | Fix |
+|---------|-------|-----|
+| `PERMISSION_DENIED` on deploy | Missing Cloud Build or Artifact Registry perms | Grant `roles/cloudbuild.builds.builder` to Cloud Build SA |
+| Function deploys but returns 403 | Missing `roles/run.invoker` for Gen2 | Add `--allow-unauthenticated` or grant invoker role |
+| Cold start latency > 5s | Large dependencies or no min instances | Set `--min-instances=1`; reduce deps; use lazy imports |
+| Pub/Sub messages redelivered | Function errors or times out | Increase `--timeout`; fix error handling; add dead-letter topic |
+| `Build failed` during deploy | Syntax error or missing dependency | Check `gcloud builds log`; verify requirements.txt |
+| Cannot connect to VPC resource | Function not on VPC connector | Add `--vpc-connector=my-connector` to deploy |
+
+## Related Skills
+
+- **gcp-networking** - VPC connectors for accessing private resources from functions
+- **gcp-cloud-sql** - Connecting Cloud Functions to managed databases
+- **terraform-gcp** - Deploy Cloud Functions with Infrastructure as Code
+- **gcp-gke** - When workloads outgrow serverless and need Kubernetes