V2

2026-08-22 12:49:53 +02:00 · 2026-03-24 18:02:50 -04:00
parent 2d209b9258
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 # AWS EC2

-Deploy and manage Amazon EC2 compute instances.
+Deploy and manage Amazon EC2 compute instances for production, staging, and development workloads.

-## Launch Instance
+## When to Use This Skill
+
+- Launching new compute instances for application hosting
+- Building golden AMIs for consistent deployments
+- Setting up auto-scaling groups behind load balancers
+- Migrating workloads to Spot instances for cost savings
+- Troubleshooting instance connectivity, performance, or launch failures
+- Creating launch templates for repeatable infrastructure
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- AWS CLI v2 installed and configured (`aws configure`)
+- IAM permissions: `ec2:*`, `autoscaling:*`, `elasticloadbalancing:*`, `iam:PassRole`
+- An existing VPC with subnets (see [aws-vpc](../aws-vpc/))
+- SSH key pair created (`aws ec2 create-key-pair --key-name my-key --query 'KeyMaterial' --output text > my-key.pem`)
+
+## Instance Type Selection Guide
+
+| Category | Types | Use Case |
+|---|---|---|
+| General Purpose | t3, t3a, m6i, m7g | Web servers, small databases, dev/test |
+| Compute Optimized | c6i, c7g | Batch processing, media encoding, ML inference |
+| Memory Optimized | r6i, r7g, x2idn | In-memory caches, large databases |
+| Storage Optimized | i3, i4i, d3 | Data warehousing, distributed file systems |
+| Accelerated | p4d, g5, inf2 | ML training, GPU rendering, inference |
+| Burstable | t3.micro-t3.2xlarge | Low-steady-state with occasional bursts |
+
+## Launch an Instance

 ```bash
+# Launch a production web server
 aws ec2 run-instances \
  --image-id ami-0abcdef1234567890 \
-  --instance-type t3.micro \
+  --instance-type t3.medium \
  --key-name my-key \
  --security-group-ids sg-12345678 \
  --subnet-id subnet-12345678 \
-  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=instance,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=web-server}]'
+  --iam-instance-profile Name=EC2AppProfile \
+  --metadata-options "HttpTokens=required,HttpEndpoint=enabled" \
+  --block-device-mappings '[{
+    "DeviceName": "/dev/xvda",
+    "Ebs": {
+      "VolumeSize": 30,
+      "VolumeType": "gp3",
+      "Iops": 3000,
+      "Throughput": 125,
+      "Encrypted": true
+    }
+  }]' \
+  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=instance,Tags=[
+    {Key=Name,Value=web-server-01},
+    {Key=Environment,Value=production},
+    {Key=Team,Value=platform}
+  ]' \
+  --user-data file://userdata.sh
+
+# Launch with IMDSv2 required (security best practice)
+aws ec2 run-instances \
+  --image-id ami-0abcdef1234567890 \
+  --instance-type t3.micro \
+  --metadata-options "HttpTokens=required,HttpPutResponseHopLimit=1,HttpEndpoint=enabled" \
+  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=instance,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=secure-instance}]'
 ```

-## Auto Scaling
-
-```bash
-# Create launch template
-aws ec2 create-launch-template \
-  --launch-template-name web-template \
-  --version-description v1 \
-  --launch-template-data '{
-    "ImageId": "ami-xxx",
-    "InstanceType": "t3.micro"
-  }'
-
-# Create ASG
-aws autoscaling create-auto-scaling-group \
-  --auto-scaling-group-name web-asg \
-  --launch-template LaunchTemplateName=web-template \
-  --min-size 2 --max-size 10 --desired-capacity 2 \
-  --vpc-zone-identifier "subnet-xxx,subnet-yyy"
-```
-
-## User Data
+## User Data Scripts

 ```bash
 #!/bin/bash
-yum update -y
-yum install -y httpd
-systemctl start httpd
-systemctl enable httpd
+# userdata.sh - Bootstrap a web server on Amazon Linux 2023
+set -euxo pipefail
+
+# System updates
+dnf update -y
+
+# Install and start web server
+dnf install -y nginx
+systemctl enable nginx
+systemctl start nginx
+
+# Install CloudWatch agent
+dnf install -y amazon-cloudwatch-agent
+/opt/aws/amazon-cloudwatch-agent/bin/amazon-cloudwatch-agent-ctl \
+  -a fetch-config -m ec2 \
+  -s -c ssm:AmazonCloudWatch-linux
+
+# Install CodeDeploy agent
+dnf install -y ruby wget
+cd /home/ec2-user
+wget https://aws-codedeploy-us-east-1.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/latest/install
+chmod +x ./install
+./install auto
+
+# Signal CloudFormation (if launched via CFN)
+# /opt/aws/bin/cfn-signal -e $? --stack ${AWS::StackName} --resource ASG --region ${AWS::Region}
+```
+
+## Launch Templates
+
+```bash
+# Create a launch template with full configuration
+aws ec2 create-launch-template \
+  --launch-template-name web-server-template \
+  --version-description "v1 - AL2023 with nginx" \
+  --launch-template-data '{
+    "ImageId": "ami-0abcdef1234567890",
+    "InstanceType": "t3.medium",
+    "KeyName": "my-key",
+    "SecurityGroupIds": ["sg-12345678"],
+    "IamInstanceProfile": {"Name": "EC2AppProfile"},
+    "MetadataOptions": {
+      "HttpTokens": "required",
+      "HttpEndpoint": "enabled"
+    },
+    "BlockDeviceMappings": [{
+      "DeviceName": "/dev/xvda",
+      "Ebs": {
+        "VolumeSize": 30,
+        "VolumeType": "gp3",
+        "Encrypted": true
+      }
+    }],
+    "TagSpecifications": [{
+      "ResourceType": "instance",
+      "Tags": [
+        {"Key": "Environment", "Value": "production"},
+        {"Key": "ManagedBy", "Value": "launch-template"}
+      ]
+    }],
+    "Monitoring": {"Enabled": true},
+    "UserData": "'"$(base64 -w0 userdata.sh)"'"
+  }'
+
+# Create a new version of the launch template
+aws ec2 create-launch-template-version \
+  --launch-template-name web-server-template \
+  --source-version 1 \
+  --version-description "v2 - updated AMI" \
+  --launch-template-data '{"ImageId": "ami-0newami1234567890"}'
+
+# Set the default version
+aws ec2 modify-launch-template \
+  --launch-template-name web-server-template \
+  --default-version 2
+```
+
+## Auto Scaling Group
+
+```bash
+# Create ASG with mixed instances (on-demand + spot)
+aws autoscaling create-auto-scaling-group \
+  --auto-scaling-group-name web-asg \
+  --mixed-instances-policy '{
+    "LaunchTemplate": {
+      "LaunchTemplateSpecification": {
+        "LaunchTemplateName": "web-server-template",
+        "Version": "$Default"
+      },
+      "Overrides": [
+        {"InstanceType": "t3.medium"},
+        {"InstanceType": "t3a.medium"},
+        {"InstanceType": "m5.large"}
+      ]
+    },
+    "InstancesDistribution": {
+      "OnDemandBaseCapacity": 2,
+      "OnDemandPercentageAboveBaseCapacity": 25,
+      "SpotAllocationStrategy": "capacity-optimized"
+    }
+  }' \
+  --min-size 2 --max-size 10 --desired-capacity 4 \
+  --vpc-zone-identifier "subnet-aaa,subnet-bbb" \
+  --target-group-arns "arn:aws:elasticloadbalancing:us-east-1:123456789012:targetgroup/web-tg/abc123" \
+  --health-check-type ELB \
+  --health-check-grace-period 300 \
+  --tags '[
+    {"Key":"Name","Value":"web-asg","PropagateAtLaunch":true},
+    {"Key":"Environment","Value":"production","PropagateAtLaunch":true}
+  ]'
+
+# Create target tracking scaling policy (target 60% CPU)
+aws autoscaling put-scaling-policy \
+  --auto-scaling-group-name web-asg \
+  --policy-name cpu-target-tracking \
+  --policy-type TargetTrackingScaling \
+  --target-tracking-configuration '{
+    "PredefinedMetricSpecification": {
+      "PredefinedMetricType": "ASGAverageCPUUtilization"
+    },
+    "TargetValue": 60.0,
+    "ScaleInCooldown": 300,
+    "ScaleOutCooldown": 60
+  }'
+
+# Create scheduled scaling for known traffic patterns
+aws autoscaling put-scheduled-update-group-action \
+  --auto-scaling-group-name web-asg \
+  --scheduled-action-name scale-up-morning \
+  --recurrence "0 8 * * MON-FRI" \
+  --min-size 4 --max-size 20 --desired-capacity 8
+
+aws autoscaling put-scheduled-update-group-action \
+  --auto-scaling-group-name web-asg \
+  --scheduled-action-name scale-down-evening \
+  --recurrence "0 20 * * MON-FRI" \
+  --min-size 2 --max-size 10 --desired-capacity 2
+```
+
+## Spot Instances
+
+```bash
+# Request Spot instances
+aws ec2 request-spot-instances \
+  --spot-price "0.05" \
+  --instance-count 3 \
+  --type "one-time" \
+  --launch-specification '{
+    "ImageId": "ami-0abcdef1234567890",
+    "InstanceType": "c5.xlarge",
+    "KeyName": "my-key",
+    "SecurityGroupIds": ["sg-12345678"],
+    "SubnetId": "subnet-12345678"
+  }'
+
+# Check current Spot prices
+aws ec2 describe-spot-price-history \
+  --instance-types t3.medium t3a.medium m5.large \
+  --availability-zone us-east-1a \
+  --product-descriptions "Linux/UNIX" \
+  --start-time "$(date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ)" \
+  --query "SpotPriceHistory[].{Type:InstanceType,Price:SpotPrice,AZ:AvailabilityZone}" \
+  --output table
+
+# Create a Spot Fleet request
+aws ec2 request-spot-fleet \
+  --spot-fleet-request-config '{
+    "IamFleetRole": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/aws-ec2-spot-fleet-role",
+    "TargetCapacity": 10,
+    "SpotPrice": "0.10",
+    "AllocationStrategy": "capacityOptimized",
+    "LaunchSpecifications": [
+      {"ImageId": "ami-xxx", "InstanceType": "c5.xlarge", "SubnetId": "subnet-aaa"},
+      {"ImageId": "ami-xxx", "InstanceType": "c5a.xlarge", "SubnetId": "subnet-bbb"}
+    ]
+  }'
+```
+
+## AMI Management
+
+```bash
+# Create an AMI from a running instance
+aws ec2 create-image \
+  --instance-id i-0abc123def456 \
+  --name "web-server-$(date +%Y%m%d)" \
+  --description "Web server golden AMI" \
+  --no-reboot \
+  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=image,Tags=[
+    {Key=Name,Value=web-server-golden},
+    {Key=Version,Value=2026.03.24}
+  ]'
+
+# Copy AMI to another region for disaster recovery
+aws ec2 copy-image \
+  --source-image-id ami-0abcdef1234567890 \
+  --source-region us-east-1 \
+  --region us-west-2 \
+  --name "web-server-dr-copy"
+
+# Deregister old AMIs and delete associated snapshots
+aws ec2 deregister-image --image-id ami-old123
+aws ec2 delete-snapshot --snapshot-id snap-old123
+
+# Share AMI with another AWS account
+aws ec2 modify-image-attribute \
+  --image-id ami-0abcdef1234567890 \
+  --launch-permission "Add=[{UserId=987654321098}]"
 ```

 ## Instance Management

 ```bash
-# List instances
-aws ec2 describe-instances --filters "Name=tag:Name,Values=web*"
+# List running instances with key details
+aws ec2 describe-instances \
+  --filters "Name=instance-state-name,Values=running" \
+  --query "Reservations[].Instances[].{ID:InstanceId,Type:InstanceType,IP:PrivateIpAddress,Name:Tags[?Key=='Name']|[0].Value,State:State.Name}" \
+  --output table

-# Stop/Start
-aws ec2 stop-instances --instance-ids i-xxx
-aws ec2 start-instances --instance-ids i-xxx
+# Stop and start instances
+aws ec2 stop-instances --instance-ids i-0abc123def456
+aws ec2 start-instances --instance-ids i-0abc123def456

-# Create AMI
-aws ec2 create-image --instance-id i-xxx --name "my-ami"
+# Resize an instance (stop first)
+aws ec2 stop-instances --instance-ids i-0abc123def456
+aws ec2 wait instance-stopped --instance-ids i-0abc123def456
+aws ec2 modify-instance-attribute \
+  --instance-id i-0abc123def456 \
+  --instance-type '{"Value": "t3.large"}'
+aws ec2 start-instances --instance-ids i-0abc123def456
+
+# Get console output for debugging boot issues
+aws ec2 get-console-output --instance-id i-0abc123def456
+
+# Get instance screenshot (helps debug GUI issues)
+aws ec2 get-console-screenshot --instance-id i-0abc123def456
 ```

-## Best Practices
+## Terraform EC2 with Auto Scaling

- Use launch templates
- Implement auto-scaling
- Use spot instances for cost savings
- Regular AMI updates
- Instance metadata service v2
+```hcl
+resource "aws_launch_template" "web" {
+  name_prefix   = "web-"
+  image_id      = data.aws_ami.amazon_linux.id
+  instance_type = "t3.medium"
+
+  iam_instance_profile {
+    name = aws_iam_instance_profile.web.name
+  }
+
+  metadata_options {
+    http_tokens   = "required"
+    http_endpoint = "enabled"
+  }
+
+  block_device_mappings {
+    device_name = "/dev/xvda"
+    ebs {
+      volume_size = 30
+      volume_type = "gp3"
+      encrypted   = true
+    }
+  }
+
+  user_data = base64encode(file("userdata.sh"))
+
+  tag_specifications {
+    resource_type = "instance"
+    tags = {
+      Name        = "web-server"
+      Environment = "production"
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+resource "aws_autoscaling_group" "web" {
+  name                = "web-asg"
+  min_size            = 2
+  max_size            = 10
+  desired_capacity    = 4
+  vpc_zone_identifier = [aws_subnet.private_a.id, aws_subnet.private_b.id]
+  target_group_arns   = [aws_lb_target_group.web.arn]
+  health_check_type   = "ELB"
+
+  launch_template {
+    id      = aws_launch_template.web.id
+    version = "$Latest"
+  }
+
+  tag {
+    key                 = "Name"
+    value               = "web-asg"
+    propagate_at_launch = true
+  }
+}
+
+resource "aws_autoscaling_policy" "cpu" {
+  name                   = "cpu-target-tracking"
+  autoscaling_group_name = aws_autoscaling_group.web.name
+  policy_type            = "TargetTrackingScaling"
+
+  target_tracking_configuration {
+    predefined_metric_specification {
+      predefined_metric_type = "ASGAverageCPUUtilization"
+    }
+    target_value = 60.0
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+| Problem | Cause | Fix |
+|---|---|---|
+| Instance stuck in `pending` | Insufficient capacity | Try a different AZ or instance type |
+| Cannot SSH to instance | Security group or NACL blocks port 22 | Check SG ingress rules and route tables |
+| Instance immediately terminates | EBS volume limit or AMI issue | Check `describe-instances` for StateReason |
+| IMDSv1 deprecation warnings | Metadata options not set | Set `HttpTokens=required` in launch template |
+| User data not running | Script missing shebang or not base64 | Verify `#!/bin/bash` header; check `/var/log/cloud-init-output.log` |
+| Spot instance terminated | Capacity reclaimed by AWS | Use capacity-optimized allocation and diversify types |
+| ASG not replacing unhealthy | Health check grace period too short | Increase grace period to cover app boot time |
+| EBS throughput bottleneck | gp2 volume too small for IOPS | Migrate to gp3 and set explicit IOPS/throughput |

 ## Related Skills

- [terraform-aws](../terraform-aws/) - IaC deployment
- [aws-vpc](../aws-vpc/) - Networking
+- [aws-vpc](../aws-vpc/) - VPC networking, subnets, and security groups
+- [aws-iam](../aws-iam/) - Instance profiles and roles
+- [aws-cost-optimization](../aws-cost-optimization/) - Rightsizing and Spot strategies
+- [terraform-aws](../terraform-aws/) - Infrastructure as Code deployment
+- [cloudformation](../cloudformation/) - AWS-native IaC templates