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security/secrets/hashicorp-vault/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: hashicorp-vault
+description: Manage secrets and PKI with HashiCorp Vault. Configure secret engines, authentication methods, and policies. Use when implementing centralized secrets management, dynamic credentials, or certificate management.
+license: MIT
+metadata:
+  author: devops-skills
+  version: "1.0"
+---
+
+# HashiCorp Vault
+
+Centrally manage secrets, encryption, and access with HashiCorp Vault.
+
+## When to Use This Skill
+
+Use this skill when:
+- Centralizing secrets management
+- Implementing dynamic credentials
+- Managing PKI and certificates
+- Encrypting sensitive data
+- Meeting compliance requirements
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- Vault server (dev or production)
+- Vault CLI installed
+- Network access to Vault
+
+## Quick Start
+
+### Development Server
+
+```bash
+# Start dev server
+vault server -dev
+
+# Set environment
+export VAULT_ADDR='http://127.0.0.1:8200'
+export VAULT_TOKEN='root'
+
+# Verify connection
+vault status
+```
+
+### Production Deployment
+
+```hcl
+# config.hcl
+storage "raft" {
+  path = "/opt/vault/data"
+  node_id = "vault-1"
+}
+
+listener "tcp" {
+  address = "0.0.0.0:8200"
+  tls_cert_file = "/opt/vault/tls/vault.crt"
+  tls_key_file = "/opt/vault/tls/vault.key"
+}
+
+api_addr = "https://vault.example.com:8200"
+cluster_addr = "https://vault.example.com:8201"
+
+ui = true
+```
+
+```bash
+# Initialize Vault
+vault operator init -key-shares=5 -key-threshold=3
+
+# Unseal (run 3 times with different keys)
+vault operator unseal <key-1>
+vault operator unseal <key-2>
+vault operator unseal <key-3>
+
+# Login
+vault login <root-token>
+```
+
+## Secret Engines
+
+### KV Secrets
+
+```bash
+# Enable KV v2
+vault secrets enable -path=secret kv-v2
+
+# Write secret
+vault kv put secret/myapp/config \
+  username="admin" \
+  password="s3cr3t"
+
+# Read secret
+vault kv get secret/myapp/config
+vault kv get -field=password secret/myapp/config
+
+# Update secret
+vault kv put secret/myapp/config \
+  username="admin" \
+  password="new-password"
+
+# List secrets
+vault kv list secret/
+
+# Delete secret
+vault kv delete secret/myapp/config
+
+# Version history
+vault kv metadata get secret/myapp/config
+```
+
+### Database Secrets
+
+```bash
+# Enable database engine
+vault secrets enable database
+
+# Configure PostgreSQL connection
+vault write database/config/postgresql \
+  plugin_name=postgresql-database-plugin \
+  connection_url="postgresql://{{username}}:{{password}}@localhost:5432/mydb" \
+  allowed_roles="readonly,readwrite" \
+  username="vault" \
+  password="vault-password"
+
+# Create role
+vault write database/roles/readonly \
+  db_name=postgresql \
+  creation_statements="CREATE ROLE \"{{name}}\" WITH LOGIN PASSWORD '{{password}}' VALID UNTIL '{{expiration}}'; \
+    GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO \"{{name}}\";" \
+  default_ttl="1h" \
+  max_ttl="24h"
+
+# Get credentials
+vault read database/creds/readonly
+```
+
+### AWS Secrets
+
+```bash
+# Enable AWS engine
+vault secrets enable aws
+
+# Configure root credentials
+vault write aws/config/root \
+  access_key=AKIA... \
+  secret_key=secret... \
+  region=us-east-1
+
+# Create role
+vault write aws/roles/deploy \
+  credential_type=iam_user \
+  policy_document=-<<EOF
+{
+  "Version": "2012-10-17",
+  "Statement": [
+    {
+      "Effect": "Allow",
+      "Action": ["s3:*"],
+      "Resource": ["arn:aws:s3:::my-bucket/*"]
+    }
+  ]
+}
+EOF
+
+# Get credentials
+vault read aws/creds/deploy
+```
+
+### PKI Secrets
+
+```bash
+# Enable PKI engine
+vault secrets enable pki
+vault secrets tune -max-lease-ttl=87600h pki
+
+# Generate root CA
+vault write -field=certificate pki/root/generate/internal \
+  common_name="example.com" \
+  ttl=87600h > ca_cert.crt
+
+# Configure URLs
+vault write pki/config/urls \
+  issuing_certificates="https://vault.example.com:8200/v1/pki/ca" \
+  crl_distribution_points="https://vault.example.com:8200/v1/pki/crl"
+
+# Create role
+vault write pki/roles/web-server \
+  allowed_domains="example.com" \
+  allow_subdomains=true \
+  max_ttl="720h"
+
+# Issue certificate
+vault write pki/issue/web-server \
+  common_name="web.example.com" \
+  ttl="24h"
+```
+
+## Authentication Methods
+
+### AppRole
+
+```bash
+# Enable AppRole
+vault auth enable approle
+
+# Create role
+vault write auth/approle/role/myapp \
+  token_policies="myapp-policy" \
+  token_ttl=1h \
+  token_max_ttl=4h \
+  secret_id_ttl=10m
+
+# Get role ID
+vault read auth/approle/role/myapp/role-id
+
+# Generate secret ID
+vault write -f auth/approle/role/myapp/secret-id
+
+# Login
+vault write auth/approle/login \
+  role_id=<role-id> \
+  secret_id=<secret-id>
+```
+
+### Kubernetes
+
+```bash
+# Enable Kubernetes auth
+vault auth enable kubernetes
+
+# Configure
+vault write auth/kubernetes/config \
+  kubernetes_host="https://kubernetes.default.svc" \
+  kubernetes_ca_cert=@/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt
+
+# Create role
+vault write auth/kubernetes/role/myapp \
+  bound_service_account_names=myapp \
+  bound_service_account_namespaces=default \
+  policies=myapp-policy \
+  ttl=1h
+```
+
+### OIDC
+
+```bash
+# Enable OIDC auth
+vault auth enable oidc
+
+# Configure
+vault write auth/oidc/config \
+  oidc_discovery_url="https://accounts.google.com" \
+  oidc_client_id="your-client-id" \
+  oidc_client_secret="your-client-secret" \
+  default_role="default"
+
+# Create role
+vault write auth/oidc/role/default \
+  bound_audiences="your-client-id" \
+  allowed_redirect_uris="http://localhost:8250/oidc/callback" \
+  user_claim="sub" \
+  policies="default"
+```
+
+## Policies
+
+### Policy Definition
+
+```hcl
+# myapp-policy.hcl
+# Read secrets
+path "secret/data/myapp/*" {
+  capabilities = ["read", "list"]
+}
+
+# Database credentials
+path "database/creds/myapp-db" {
+  capabilities = ["read"]
+}
+
+# PKI certificates
+path "pki/issue/web-server" {
+  capabilities = ["create", "update"]
+}
+
+# Deny access to other secrets
+path "secret/data/other/*" {
+  capabilities = ["deny"]
+}
+```
+
+```bash
+# Create policy
+vault policy write myapp myapp-policy.hcl
+
+# List policies
+vault policy list
+
+# Read policy
+vault policy read myapp
+```
+
+## Application Integration
+
+### Python
+
+```python
+import hvac
+
+# Initialize client
+client = hvac.Client(url='http://localhost:8200')
+
+# AppRole authentication
+client.auth.approle.login(
+    role_id='role-id',
+    secret_id='secret-id'
+)
+
+# Read secret
+secret = client.secrets.kv.v2.read_secret_version(
+    path='myapp/config',
+    mount_point='secret'
+)
+password = secret['data']['data']['password']
+
+# Get database credentials
+db_creds = client.secrets.database.generate_credentials(
+    name='myapp-db'
+)
+```
+
+### Kubernetes Sidecar
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Pod
+metadata:
+  name: myapp
+  annotations:
+    vault.hashicorp.com/agent-inject: "true"
+    vault.hashicorp.com/role: "myapp"
+    vault.hashicorp.com/agent-inject-secret-config: "secret/data/myapp/config"
+    vault.hashicorp.com/agent-inject-template-config: |
+      {{- with secret "secret/data/myapp/config" -}}
+      export DB_PASSWORD="{{ .Data.data.password }}"
+      {{- end }}
+spec:
+  serviceAccountName: myapp
+  containers:
+    - name: myapp
+      image: myapp:latest
+      command: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "source /vault/secrets/config && ./start.sh"]
+```
+
+## Common Issues
+
+### Issue: Sealed Vault
+**Problem**: Vault is sealed after restart
+**Solution**: Implement auto-unseal with cloud KMS or HSM
+
+### Issue: Token Expired
+**Problem**: Application token has expired
+**Solution**: Implement token renewal, use shorter-lived tokens
+
+### Issue: Permission Denied
+**Problem**: Cannot access secrets
+**Solution**: Review policies, check token capabilities
+
+## Best Practices
+
+- Use short-lived tokens
+- Implement auto-unseal
+- Enable audit logging
+- Use namespaces for isolation
+- Rotate root tokens regularly
+- Implement least-privilege policies
+- Use dynamic secrets where possible
+- Regular backup and DR testing
+
+## Related Skills
+
+- [aws-secrets-manager](../aws-secrets-manager/) - AWS native secrets
+- [sops-encryption](../sops-encryption/) - File encryption
+- [kubernetes-hardening](../../hardening/kubernetes-hardening/) - K8s security